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SEBA Class 8 Science Chapter 1 Crop Production and Management
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Crop Production and Management
Chapter: 1
PART – I
EXERCISE
1. Select the correct word from the following list and fill in the blanks. float, water, crop, nutrients, preparation:
(a) The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _________.
Ans: The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called crop.
(b) The first step before growing crops is ______ of the soil.
Ans: The first step before growing crops is preparation of the soil.
(c) Damaged seeds would ______ on top of water.
Ans: Damaged seeds would float on top of water.
(d) For growing a crop, sufficient and _____ and ______ from the soil are essential.
Ans: For growing a crop, sufficient and sunlight and nutrients from the soil are essential.
2. Match items in column A with those in column B.
| A | B |
| (i) Kharif crops | (a) Food for cattle |
| (ii) Rabi crops | (b) Urea phosphate and super sulphate |
| (iii) Chemical fertilisers | (c) Animal excreta, cow dung urine and plant waste |
| (iv) Organic manure | (d) Wheat, gram, pea |
| (e) Paddy and maize |
Ans:
| A | B |
| (i) Kharif crops | (e) Paddy and maize |
| (ii) Rabi crops | (d) Wheat, gram, pea |
| (iii) Chemical fertilisers | (b) Urea phosphate and super sulphate |
| (iv) Organic manure | (c) Animal excreta, cow dung urine and plant waste |
3. Give two examples of each.
(a) Kharif crop.
Ans: Kharif Crops:
(i) Paddy (Rice) – Typically sown with the onset of monsoon and harvested in September-October.
(ii) Maize – Grown during the rainy season, usually sown in June-July and harvested in October.
(b) Rabi Crops.
Ans: Rabi Crops:
(i) Wheat – Sown in winter (October-November) and harvested in March-April.
(ii) Gram (Chickpea) – Grown during the winter season and harvested in early summer.
4. Write a paragraph in your own words on each of the following.
(a) Preparation of soil.
Ans: The preparation of soil is the first step before growing a crop. One of the most important tasks in agriculture is to turn the soil and loosen it. It involves turning, loosening, and leveling the soil to make it ready for sowing. This process helps in improving soil aeration, which allows plant roots to breathe easily. It also helps in mixing organic matter and fertilizers uniformly, thereby enriching the soil’s fertility. Loosening the soil also helps in the easy penetration of roots, allowing them to grow deeper and absorb nutrients effectively. Additionally, it helps in the removal of weeds and prevents waterlogging. Proper preparation ensures healthy crop growth and better yield.
(b) Sowing.
Ans: Sowing is the process of planting seeds into the prepared soil. It is a critical stage that directly affects the quality and quantity of the crop yield. Farmers need to select high-quality seeds that are free from diseases and are well-suited to the climatic conditions of the area. The depth of sowing, the distance between seeds, and the time of sowing are essential factors for successful cultivation. Modern methods like seed drills are used for uniform distribution and proper depth placement of seeds. Proper sowing ensures healthy germination and better crop growth.
(c) Weeding.
Ans: Weeding is the process of removing unwanted plants (weeds) that grow along with the main crop. Weeds compete with crops for water, nutrients, sunlight, and space, thereby affecting crop productivity. Manual weeding using a hoe or mechanical weeding using weeders can be done to remove them. Chemical methods involve using weedicides that kill the weeds without harming the crops. Timely weeding is necessary to maintain healthy crop growth and avoid nutrient depletion. Keeping the field weed-free helps in obtaining better yields.
(d) Threshing.
Ans: Threshing is the process of separating the grains from the harvested crop. After the crops are cut and dried, the grains are separated from the chaff. Traditional methods include beating the harvested plants against a hard surface. Nowadays, threshing machines are widely used, which make the process quicker and more efficient. Proper threshing ensures that the grains are clean and free from husk or chaff. The separated grains are then cleaned and stored for further processing or sale.
5. Explain how fertilisers are different from manure.
Ans:
| Basic of Diffferance | Fertilisers | Manure |
| Composition | These are chemical substances that contain specific nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in a concentrated form. They are synthetically manufactured. | It is an organic substance obtained from the decomposition of animal waste, plant residues, and other organic materials. It contains a wide range of nutrients, though in smaller amounts compared to fertilizers. |
| Preparation | Prepared in factories using chemical processes. Examples include urea, ammonium phosphate, and NPK fertilizers. | Prepared naturally by decomposing animal excreta, plant residues, and kitchen waste. Examples include compost, farmyard manure, and green manure. |
| Nutrient Content | Rich in specific nutrients and provide an instant supply of essential elements to crops. | Has a low nutrient content but improves soil structure, water retention, and fertility over time. |
| Effect on Soil | Prolonged use can make the soil acidic or alkaline, reducing its natural fertility and beneficial microorganisms. | Enhances soil texture, promotes microbial growth, and maintains the long-term health of the soil. |
| Environmental Impact | Excessive use can cause soil pollution, water contamination (eutrophication), and damage to beneficial soil organisms. | Being organic, it does not pollute the environment and supports sustainable farming practices. |
6. What is irrigation? Describe two methods of irrigation which conserve water.
Ans: Irrigation is the process of supplying water to crops at regular intervals to help them grow properly. It is essential in agriculture, especially in areas where rainfall is insufficient or irregular. Irrigation helps maintain soil moisture, supports plant growth, and increases crop yield. Effective irrigation techniques are crucial for conserving water and ensuring sustainable agriculture.
Methods of Irrigation that Conserve Water:
(i) Drip Irrigation: Drip irrigation is one of the most efficient methods of irrigation as it minimizes water wastage. In this method, water is delivered directly to the plant roots drop by drop through a network of pipes, tubes, and emitters. This system ensures that water reaches only the required areas without wetting the entire field. It is particularly useful in regions with water scarcity and for crops like vegetables and fruits.
(ii) Sprinkler Irrigation: In sprinkler irrigation, water is sprayed over the crops through a system of pipes fitted with rotating nozzles or sprinklers, similar to natural rainfall. This method ensures that water is distributed evenly over the field. It is suitable for crops that are sensitive to flooding, such as vegetables and cereals.
7. If wheat is sown in the kharif season, what would happen? Discuss.
Ans: If wheat is sown during the Kharif season, it would result in poor growth and significantly reduced yield, primarily because wheat is a Rabi crop that thrives in cool and dry weather conditions. The Kharif season, on the other hand, is characterized by warm and wet conditions due to the monsoon rains. Excessive moisture leads to waterlogging, root rot, and fungal diseases. Additionally, the high humidity encourages pest attacks, and the lack of cool weather hinders seed germination. Soil fertility is also compromised as the rain washes away essential nutrients. Even if the crop survives, harvesting would be difficult, and the grain quality would be poor, leading to economic losses for farmers.
8. Explain how soil gets affected by the continuous plantation of crops in a field.
Ans: Continuous plantation of crops in the same field affects the soil adversely. When the same crops are grown repeatedly on the same land, the essential nutrients in the soil get depleted. As a result, the soil becomes less fertile and unable to support healthy crop growth. Continuous cultivation also leads to a loss of soil structure and an increase in soil erosion. Moreover, the repeated use of chemical fertilizers to compensate for nutrient loss can lead to soil degradation and reduced productivity over time. To maintain soil fertility, farmers practice crop rotation and use organic manure to replenish lost nutrients.
9. What are weeds? How can we control them?
Ans: Weeds are unwanted plants that grow wildly, especially in cultivated areas, where they can outcompete or harm the desired crops. These plants are considered undesirable because they grow excessively in places where they are not needed. For example, an empty plot of land overgrown with weeds can become an eyesore and hinder the growth of other plants.
Weeds can be controlled through the following methods:
(i) Manual Weeding: This involves physically removing the weeds using hands or tools like a hoe. It is effective but labor-intensive.
(ii) Mechanical Weeding: Machines called weeders are used to uproot weeds efficiently from large fields.
(iii) Chemical Control: Chemicals known as weedicides are sprayed on the field to kill weeds. Examples include 2,4-D and MCPA. Care must be taken to protect crops and the environment while using weedicides.
(iv) Agronomic Practices: Crop rotation, intercropping, and planting cover crops can naturally suppress the growth of weeds.
10. Arrange the following boxes in proper order to make a flow chart of sugarcane crop production.
| 1. Sending crop to sugar factory | 2. Irrigation | 3. Harvesting | 4. Sowing |
| 5. Preparation of Soil | 6. Ploughing the field | 7. Manuring | |
Ans:
11. Complete the following word puzzle with the help of clues given below.
Down:
1. Providing water to the crops.
2. Keeping crop grains for a long time under proper conditions.
5. Certain plants of the same kind grown on a large scale.
Across:
3. A machine used for cutting the matured crop.
4. Arabi crop that is also one of the pulses.
6. A process of separating the grain from chaff.
Ans: Down:
1. Irrigation.
2. Storage.
5. Crop.
Across:
3. Harvester.
4. Gram.
6. Winnowing.
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