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NCERT Class 11 Economics Chapter 4 Presentation of Data
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Presentation of Data
Chapter: 4
PART – (A) STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS
TEXTUAL QUESTION ANSWERS
1. Bar diagram is a:
(a) One-dimensional diagram.
(b) Two-dimensional diagram.
(c) Diagram with no dimension.
(d) None of the above.
Ans: (a) One-dimensional diagram.
Bar graphs are the pictorial representation of data (generally grouped), in the form of vertical or horizontal rectangular bars, where the length of bars are proportional to the measure of data. They are also known as bar charts. Bar graphs are one of the means of data handling in statistics.
2. Data represented through a histogram can help in finding graphically the:
(a) Mean.
(b) Mode.
(c) Median.
(d) All the above.
Ans: (b) Mode.
3. Ogives can be helpful in locating graphically the:
(a) Mode.
(b) Mean.
(c) Median.
(d) None of the above.
Ans: (c) Median.
4. Data represented through arithmetic line graph help in understanding:
(a) Long-term trend.
(b) Cyclicity in data.
(c) Seasonality in data.
(d) All the above.
Ans: (a) Long-term trend.
5. Width of bars in a bar diagram need not be equal.
Ans: False.
6. Width of rectangles in a histogram should essentially be equal.
Ans: True.
7. Histograms can only be formed with continuous classification of data.
Ans: True.
8. Histogram and column diagram are the same method of presentation of data.
Ans: False.
9. Mode of a frequency distribution can be known graphically with the help of histogram.
Ans: True.
10. Median of a frequency distribution can not be known from the ogives.
Ans: False.
11. What kind of diagrams are more effective in representing the following?
(a) Monthly rainfall in a year.
Ans: Bar diagram.
(b) Composition of the population of Delhi by religion.
Ans: Subdivided or component bar diagram.
(c) Components of cost in a factory.
Ans: Pie diagram.
12. Suppose you want to emphasise the increase in the share of urban non-workers and lower level of urbanisation in India. How would you do it in the tabular form?
Ans: Share of urban workers and non-workers in India.
| Location | |||
| Gender | Workers in urban areas (in crore) | Non-workers in urban areas (in crore) | Total |
| Male | 50 | 70 | 120 |
| Female | 25 | 50 | 75 |
| Total | 75 | 120 | 195 |
13. How does the procedure of drawing a histogram differ when class intervals are unequal in comparison to equal class intervals in a frequency table?
Ans: A Histogram of equal class intervals has an equal width of all rectangles indicating the same class intervals. In contrast, a Histogram of unequal class intervals has rectangles of varying width as per their corresponding class intervals. Before constructing a Histogram, frequencies of unequal class intervals are to be adjusted. The adjustment factor of each class is calculated with the following formula. But, when bases vary in their width, the heights of rectangles are to be adjusted to yield comparable measurements by dividing class frequency by width of the class interval instead of absolute frequency. This gives us the frequency density for the purpose of comparison.
14. The Indian Sugar Mills Association reported that, ‘Sugar production during the first fortnight of December 2001 was about 3,87,000 tonnes, as against 3,78,000 tonnes during the same fortnight last year (2000). The off-take of sugar from factories during the first fortnight of December 2001 was 2,83,000 tonnes for internal consumption and 41,000 tonnes for exports as against 1,54,000 tonnes for internal consumption and nil for exports during the same fortnight last season.”
(a) Present the data in tabular form.
Ans:
| Total Production (tonnes) | Off-take for Internal Consumption (tonnes) | Off-take for Exports (tonnes) | |
| December 2000 | 378000 | 154000 | 0 |
| December 2001 | 387000 | 283000 | 41000 |
(b) Suppose you were to present these data in diagrammatic form, which of the diagrams would you use and why?
Ans: The data can effectively be presented diagrammatically using the multiple bar diagram. This is because multiple bar diagrams are used for comparing two or more sets of data for different years or classes, etc.
(c) Present these data diagrammatically.
Ans:
15. The following table shows the estimated sectoral real growth rates (percentage change over the previous year) in GDP at factor cost.
| Year | Agriculture and allied sectors | Industry | Services |
| 1994-95 | 5.0 | 9.2 | 7.0 |
| 1995-96 | -0.9 | 11.8 | 10.3 |
| 1996-97 | 9.6 | 6.0 | 7.1 |
| 1997-98 | -1.9 | 5.9 | 9.0 |
| 1998-99 | 7.2 | 4.0 | 8.3 |
| 1999-2000 | 0.8 | 6.9 | 8.2 |
Represent the data as multiple time series graphs.
Ans:
