Class 12 Automotive Chapter 4 Suspension System

Class 12 Automotive Chapter 4 Suspension System Solutions English Medium As Per AHSEC New Syllabus to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse through different chapters Class 12 Automotive Chapter 4 Suspension System Question Answer and select need one. Class 12 Automotive Chapter 4 Suspension System Notes Download PDF. AHSEC Class 12 Elective Automotive Question Answer English Medium.

Class 12 Automotive Chapter 4 Suspension System

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Also, you can read the NCERT book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) Book guidelines. AHSEC Class 12 Elective Automotive Textual Solutions are part of All Subject Solutions. Here we have given AHSEC Class 12 Automotive Textbook Solutions English Medium for All Chapters, You can practice these here.

Suspension System

Chapter: 4

A. Fill in the blanks:

1. Maintenance of the vehicle’s suspension system is crucial for both safety and ___________ performance. 

Ans: Optimum.

2. Suspension check-ups are important as they ensure the proper ___________ of tyres with the road surface. 

Ans: Contact.

3. Suspension parts are often made of rubber to minimize shocks, hence regular checks for wear and ___________ are necessary. 

Ans: Tear.

4. One of the functions of the suspension system is to maintain the correct vehicle ___________ height.   

Ans: Ride.

B. Multiple Choice Questions: 

1. What are the basic components of a vehicle’s suspension system? 

(a) Steering wheel and brakes. 

(b) Engine and transmission. 

(c) Struts, shock absorbers, springs, and tyres. 

(d) Exhaust system and radiator. 

Ans: (c) Struts, shock absorbers, springs, and tyres.

2. What is the primary function of shock absorbers and struts in a vehicle’s suspension system? 

(a) Generating power for the engine. 

(b) Maintaining tyre pressure. 

(c) Ensuring smooth rolling of wheels. 

(d) Keeping the tyres evenly connected with the road. 

Ans: (d) Keeping the tyres evenly connected with the road.

3. Which of the following is NOT a function of a vehicle’s suspension system? 

(a) Maintaining correct wheel alignment. 

(b) Supporting the vehicle’s driving stability. 

(c) Adjusting the vehicle’s audio system. 

(d) Keeping the vehicle’s tyres in contact with the road.

Ans: (c) Adjusting the vehicle’s audio system. 

4. What should be regularly checked for wear, tear, and torn in a suspension system? 

(a) Engine oil level.

(b) Rubber parts. 

(c) Brake fluid quality. 

(d) Exhaust emissions. 

Ans: (b) Rubber parts.   

C. Answer the following questions:

1. Why is suspension system required in a vehicle? 

Ans: Automotive suspension system is made up of four basic components namely the struts, shock absorbers, springs and tyres. Shock absorbers and struts are important for on road safety. They ensure that the tyres are evenly connected with the road and a vertical load is applied over the tyres. The shock absorbers on a vehicle go through as many as one thousand movements per kilometre so it is not surprising that they wear out quite quickly and should be checked every 20,000 kilometres during major servicing. The springs support the weight of the vehicle and act as a flexible link that allows the body and frame to ride with minimal disturbance, while the tyres and suspension follow the road pattern.

2. Name different components of a suspension system?

Ans: Automotive suspension system is made up of four basic components namely the struts, shock absorbers, springs and tyres.

3. Make a list of maintenance tips for suspension system.

Ans: (i) Thoroughly clean the leaf spring set and its fittings.

(ii) With the help of grease or pneumatic grease gun, lubricate all shackle pins, swing arm of the leaf spring set.

(iii) Lubricate each leaf with graphite grease.

(iv) Tighten the u clamp bolts /nuts with specified torque.

(v) Check the centre bolt.

(vi) Tighten the clamp nut bolt with specified torque.

(vii) Check the slackness of the shackle and tighten the set if needed.

(viii) In case of shock absorber/stud, tighten the holding nuts and bolts at both ends.

(ix) In case of a two-wheeler, tighten the swinging of nuts/bolts of the front and rear wheels.

(x) Avoid overloading the vehicle.

(xi) Avoid sudden acceleration and breaking.

A. Fill in the blanks: 

1. The leaf spring acts as a linkage for holding the ______________ in position and thus separate linkages are not necessary. 

Ans: Axle.

2. The process of hammering the leaf throughout its length to achieve a desired angle is known as ______________. 

Ans: Cambering.

3. The spring shackle allows for movement of the suspension by pulling in or pushing out as the suspension travels through its up and down ______________. 

Ans: Cycle.

4. The shackle takes up the tendency of the leaf spring to elongate when compressed, making the suspension’s springiness ______________.

Ans: Softer.

B. Multiple Choice Questions: 

1. What is the purpose of a leaf spring in wheeled vehicles? 

(a) To provide steering control.

(b) To hold the chassis together. 

(c) To absorb engine vibrations. 

(d) To support the suspension. 

Ans: (d) To support the suspension.

2. In leaf springs, what is the primary function of interleaf friction? 

(a) Enhancing steering responsiveness. 

(b) Providing damping action. 

(c) Reducing tyre wear. 

(d) Increasing ground clearance. 

Ans: (b) Providing damping action. 

3. What is the purpose of a shackle in a leaf spring suspension? 

(a) To provide additional ground clearance. 

(b) To connect the axle to the chassis. 

(c) To improve engine performance. 

(d) To enhance braking efficiency. 

Ans: (b) To connect the axle to the chassis.

4. The device that allows a leaf spring to flex and move while keeping the tyre on the road is called: 

(a) Axle pin. 

(b) Leaf holder. 

(c) Spring lock. 

(d) Spring shackle.   

Ans: (d) Spring shackle.

C. Answer the following question:

1. Why leaf springs are provided in vehicle? State the functions of leaf springs.

Ans: They serve several functions, including locating, damping, and springing. While interleaf friction within leaf springs can provide some damping action, it is not a well-controlled or adjustable form of damping, and it can lead to certain limitations and issues in the motion of the suspension. 

2. State the role of leaf spring in a vehicle?

Ans: (i) The leaf spring acts as a linkage for holding the axle in position and thus separate linkages are not necessary. It makes the construction of the suspension simple and strong.

(ii) The positioning of the axle in a vehicle’s suspension system is influenced by the leaf springs. Consequently, there are considerations to keep in mind when using soft springs (springs with low spring constants) in such a setup.

(iii) The inter-leaf friction between the leaf springs affects the riding comfort.

3. Describe the functions of shackle.

Ans: A spring shackle is a device found on leaf-spring equipped vehicles. The spring shackle mounts to one end of the leaf spring and allows it to flex and move while keeping the tyre on the road. Without a shackle, the spring would not be able to move and the tyre would be pulled off of the road’s surface when a bump or obstacle encounters. The spring shackle can also be lengthened and give lift or a greater amount of ground clearance to the vehicle.

4. Describe the functions of centre bolt.

Ans: It holds the bunch of leaf together to bear the shocks. If it is broken, it will lead to vehicle pull to one side, it is necessary to replace immediately.

5. What tools and equipment are required for servicing of leaf spring system?

Ans: Chassis jack/hydraulic jack, screw jack, supporting stands, Socket spanner set, Open end spanner, DE ring spanner, spring clamp, anvil, hammer.

A. Fill in the blanks:

1. The shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to dampen shocks and dissipate energy, contributing to improved ______________ and vehicle handling. 

Ans: Ride quality.

2. During the testing of a shock absorber on a vehicle, if a jerking movement is noticed, it indicates a ___________ in the shock absorber. 

Ans: Defect.

3. When overhauling a _______________, tools such as open-end spanners, ring spanners, tubular spanners, locking clamps, and screwdrivers are commonly used. 

Ans: Suspension system.

4. To remove a strut spring, a _____________ is used to compress the spring before loosening the nut and releasing the spring compressor.

Ans: Spring compressor.

B. Multiple Choice Questions: 

1. What is the main purpose of a shock absorber in a vehicle? 

(a) Increase road noise. 

(b) Enhance fuel efficiency. 

(c) Smooth out shocks and vibrations. 

(d) Improve tyre grip. 

Ans: (c) Smooth out shocks and vibrations.

2. What component is often paired with a shock absorber to provide suspension in a vehicle? 

(a) Battery. 

(b) Radiator.

(c) Spring. 

d) Exhaust pipe. 

Ans: (c) Spring.

3. Which of the following factors can affect the life of a shock absorber? 

(a) Road conditions. 

(b) Brand of the vehicle. 

(c) Frequent car washing. 

(d) Color of the vehicle. 

Ans: (a) Road conditions.

4. What does a jerking movement during the testing of a shock absorber indicate? 

(a) Proper functioning. 

(b) Defect in the shock absorber.

(c) Need for a car wash. 

(d) Low tyre pressure.

Ans: (b) Defect in the shock absorber. 

C. Answer the following question:

1. Describe the uses and applications of shock absorbers. 

Ans: A shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or damp shock and dissipate energy. In a vehicle, shock absorbers reduce the effect of traveling over rough ground, leading to improved ride quality and vehicle handling. Every shocker/suspension has its own life. The suspension system has a damper with spring.This works as a shock absorber/strut.

2. State the reasons which affect life span of shock absorbers?  

Ans: Life of shock absorber is affected due to the following reasons:

(i) Overloading.

(ii) Road conditions.

(iii) Worn-out Linkage/bushes.

(iv) Leakage of fluid/gas.

(v) Broken casing.

(vi) Deterioration of Bump stopper.

(vii) Rubber bellows.

(viii) Improper handling in service.

3. Describe the procedure for testing of shock absorber after removing it from the vehicle.

Ans: Testing of shock absorber/struts off the vehicle.

(i) Visually inspect the strut for fluid leakage.

(ii) Inspect the piston rods/strut rod for bend, scratches etc.

(iii) Press the rod inside with pressure and release the same, it should move in and out with resistance.

(iv) If it does not work, replace the strut/shock absorber as it is not repairable.

4. Describe the procedure for testing of shock absorber when it is on the vehicle.

Ans: Testing of shock absorber on the vehicle.

Following procedure should be adopted for testing the shock absorber:

(i) Keep the vehicle on the level ground.

(ii) Press the front portion of the car with gentle pressure.

(iii) Now feel resistance in the up and down movement of the front portion.

(iv) If you notice any jerking movement, it indicates a defect in the shock absorber.

(v) Release the pressure and experience upward movement with the same resistance.

(vi) If it feels hard, noisy and stucked /binding at any movement indicate faulty shock up.

(vii) Visually inspect the shocker for fluid leakage if found, replace it.

5. What tools and equipment are required for servicing of shock absorber.

Ans: Tools and Equipment: Open end spanners, ring spanner, tubular spanner, locking clamps, screw drivers etc.

Material required: Oil, grease, metal tray, bolts waste, equivalent parts etc.

A. Fill in the blanks:

1. A steering linkage is the part of an automotive steering system that connects to the __________ wheels. 

Ans: Front.

2. Regular Inspection of steering linkage is necessity to maintain __________and __________ of the vehicle.

Ans: Safety and control.

B. Multiple Choice Question: 

1. What is the purpose of a steering linkage in an automotive steering system? 

(a) To connect the front wheels to the engine. 

(b) To provide cushioning for a smoother ride. 

(c) To maintain safety and control by connecting the front wheels. 

(d) To adjust the vehicle’s suspension height. 

Ans: (c) To maintain safety and control by connecting the front wheels.

2. Which component of the steering linkage is responsible for connecting the steering gearbox to the wheels? 

(a) Tie rod. 

(b) Drag link. 

(c) Ball joint. 

(d) Torsion bar. 

Ans: (a) Tie rod.

3. Why is regular inspection of the steering linkage necessary for vehicle maintenance? 

(a) To improve fuel efficiency. 

(b) To enhance engine performance. 

(c) To prevent fatal accidents and ensure safety. 

(d) To increase top speed capabilities. 

Ans: (c) To prevent fatal accidents and ensure safety. 

4. What is the purpose of using a special tool to remove and replace bushes during steering linkage inspection? 

(a) To make the process more complicated. 

(b) To increase the cost of maintenance. 

(c) To improve the appearance of the vehicle. 

(d) To ensure proper and efficient bush replacement. 

Ans: (d) To ensure proper and efficient bush replacement. 

C. Answer the following question:

1. Describe the procedure for inspection of steering linkages of a vehicle. 

Ans: Inspection of steering linkages:

Following procedure should be adopted for inspection of steering linkages:

(i) Lift the front portion of the car/vehicle.

(ii) Turn the steering wheel from one lock end to another lock end.

(iii) Check for noise and binding in-steer.

(iv) If the binding is traced, remove the drag link connection from the steering gearbox.

(v) Now rotate the steering wheel in both the direction and trace for the binding. If the binding is noticed then it probably lies in the steering gear box.

(vi) If the binding is not traced in the steering gear box then the problem is in steering linkage.

(vii) Check the ball joint/bushes for free movement with thumb pressure and replace the same if necessary.

(viii) Inspect the ball joint if it is worn out or bellow torned then replace it.

(ix) Inspect the bushes of the torsion bar and replace it.

(x) Inspect the draglink, tie rod for straightens.

(xi) Remove the bush by using a special tool and replace the same.

(xii) Inspect damper/strut for any crack, rust and also check its length if it is not with a specified value then replace it.

(xiii) Check the bushes for wear.

(xiv) Check the coil spring for its length, height and tension.

2. What are functions of steering linkages?

Ans: Functions of Steering Linkages:

(i) The steering linkage connects the steering gearbox to the front wheels so that the driver’s steering effort is effectively transmitted to the wheels.

(ii) It ensures proper control and safety of the vehicle while driving.

(iii) Steering linkages help in changing the direction of the vehicle smoothly and accurately according to the movement of the steering wheel.

(iv) They also maintain the alignment of the wheels, preventing excessive tyre wear and ensuring stability.

(v) By connecting different components like the tie rod, drag link, and ball joints, the linkage system provides the necessary flexibility while keeping the wheels properly oriented.

A. Fill in the blanks:

1. In the ______________ type of steering gear, a worm and roller shaft mechanism is used for manual steering. 

Ans: Worm and roller shaft.

2. Rack and pinion type steering gear occupies less space and uses fewer ______________ components. 

Ans: Linkage.

3. Hydraulic operated power steering uses a centrifugal pump driven by the engine’s ______________. 

Ans: Crankshaft.

4. Air suspension is often used in heavy vehicles such as ______________ and trucks.

Ans: Buses.

B. Multiple Choice Questions:

1. What is the purpose of power steering in a vehicle? 

(a) Decrease road stability. 

(b) Reduce steering efforts for the driver. 

(c) Increase mechanical efforts. 

(d) Improve fuel efficiency.

Ans: (b) Reduce steering efforts for the driver.

2. In the Rack and Pinion type steering gear, what is used to connect the steering wheel to the steering rack?  

(a) Worm shaft.

(b) Pinion bearing. 

(c) Cross shaft.

(d) Tie rod ends.

Ans: (d) Tie rod ends.

3. Which type of power steering operates by pressurizing fluid through a centrifugal pump?

(a) Electronic power assisted steering.

(b) Hydraulic operated power steering.

(c) Manual steering.

(d) Worm and roller shaft steering.

Ans: (b) Hydraulic operated power steering.

4. Which component of the EPS system detects the position and torque of the steering column? 

(a) Worm shaft.

(b) Steering wheel. 

(c) Electronic Control Unit (ECU). 

(d) Pinion bearing. 

Ans: (c) Electronic Control Unit (ECU).

C. Answer the following question:

1. Describe the procedure for servicing of the manual steering system. 

Ans: Procedure for servicing of the manual steering system (Worm and roller shaft).

To check the working of mechanically/manually operated steering systems following steps are followed:

(i) Conduct the road test and mark the central or the mid position of the road wheels and the steering gear box.

(ii) Raise the front portion of a car and turn the steering wheel.

(iii) To check for the binding in the steering.

(iv) If binding is traced then disconnect the drop arm from the cross shaft of the steering gear box.

(v) Now again turn the steering and inspect for the binding.

(vi) If the binding is traced then the fault is in the steering gear box, and need to service the steering gear box.

(vii) Disconnect the electric connections from the steering wheel.

(viii) Using specified spanner remove the steering wheel nut from the steering shaft.

(ix) Use a special tool to remove the steering wheel.

(x) Remove the steering gear mounting bolts and dismount the steering gear box from the chassis.

(xi) Clean the external portion of the steering box.

(xii) Remove the side cover from the steering gear box.

(xiii) Remove the cross shaft from the steering gear box casing.

(xiv) Loosen the steering column bolts and remove it.

(xv) Slowly remove the steering shaft from the casing.

(xvi) Wash the components, check their wear and also check their alignment.

(xvii) Replace the worn-out components.

(xviii) Assemble the worm shaft and then the cross shaft with their bearing(s).

(xix) Conduct the road test and assure proper steering alignment.

2. Describe the procedure for servicing of rack and pinion type of steering.

Ans: Procedure for servicing of Rack and pinion type of steering:

(i) Slide the driver seat as back as possible.

(ii) Put off the front part of the floor mat on the driver side and remove the steering shaft joint cover.

(iii) Remove the steering shaft lower joint bolt and disconnect lower joint bolt form pinion.

(iv) Hoist the car at appropriate height and remove both wheels.

(v) Remove quarter pin/split pins and tie rod castle nuts from both knuckles.

(vi) Disconnect both tie rod ends from the knuckle using a special tool.

(vii) Remove steering gear cage mount bolts gear cage brackets and then gear case.

(viii) Remove the rubber boot wire clip and remove the rubber boot from the tie rod.

(ix) Unbend parts of the tie rod lock washer and remove the tie rod from the rack.

(x) Remove the rack damper screw cap, damper screw and remove the plunger from the steering rack.

(xi) Use a special tool to remove pinion bearing.

(xii) Slowly tap with a nylon hammer and remove the pinion assembly.

(xiii) Clean and inspect the components.

Inspection:

Inspect the rack for the following:

(i) Run out /deflection should not exceed more than 2 mm Teeth wear/damaged.

(ii) Back surface of rack for wear or damaged.

(iii) Inspect the ball joint with thumb pressure, if loose replace ball joint.

(iv) Check angular movement of ball joint, if binding noticed replace ball joint.

(v) Replace the bushes at regular intervals.

(vi) Change the rubber boots at every service.

Assemble the rack and pinion in reverse order of disassembly:

Carry out following steering gear adjustment:

(i) Central or mid position.

(ii) Back lash in rack and pinion gear.

(iii) Adjust toe in and toe out.

(iv) Check the bushes and pivots of steering axes.

(v) Check the bushes of pull and push rod.

3. State the types of powers used in operation of power steering.

Ans: To reduce the steering effort at steering wheel turning, two types of powers are applied i.e., hydraulically and electronically operated motors.

4. Describe the procedure for inspection of power steering. 

Ans: Inspect the power steering:

(i) Park the vehicle on the level ground.

(ii) Switch off the engine and check the oil level in power steering container.

(iii) It should be between minimum and maximum level.

(iv) Type of fluid is known as power steering fluid.

(v) Check power steering hose connections for leakage/damages/cracks.

(vi) Check and replace fluid filter at regular interval as per service manual.

(vii) Inspect the functioning of centrifugal pump in turning of vehicle, if faulty replace the pump.

(viii) Carry out bleeding operation after each service.

5. Describe principle of working of air suspension system. 

Ans: Air suspension is a type of vehicle suspension powered by an electric or engine driven air pump or compressor. This pump compresses the air using compressor. Compressed air is sent to the balloon. Air suspension, as shown in Fig. 4.12, is used in place of conventional steel springs and in heavy vehicle applications such as buses and trucks. If the engine is left off for an extended period, the vehicle will gradually settle to the ground. The purpose of air suspension is to provide a smooth, constant ride quality and in some cases, it is self-leveling. Now a days, gas filled shock absorbers are being used for more comfort.

6. What is function of steering in vehicle?

Ans: Vehicle is steered with mechanical effort and maintains and control road stability.

7. Write the name of components of steering system. 

Ans: The main components of the steering system are:

(i) Steering wheel.

(ii) Steering shaft/column.

(iii) Steering gear box.

(iv) Pitman arm.

(v) Drag link.

(vi) Tie rods.

(vii) Ball joints.

(viii) Steering knuckle.

(ix) Wheel assembly.

8. In modern vehicle which types of steering systems are used? 

Ans: Different types of steering boxes that are used in automobile vehicle are:

(i) Worm and roller.

(ii) Worm and nuts.

(iii) Rack and pinion.

(iv) Worm and sector.

9. What are limitations of manual steering?

Ans: The limitations of manual steering are:

(i) Requires greater physical effort, especially at low speeds or while parking.

(ii) Difficult to operate in heavy vehicles or under load conditions.

(iii) Causes driver fatigue during long journeys.

(iv) Slower steering response compared to power steering.

(v) Provides less comfort in city traffic and congested areas.

10. What are advantages of power steering over manual steering? 

Ans: The advantages of power steering over manual steering are:

(i) Reduces driver’s steering effort.

(ii) Provides smoother and easier steering operation.

(iii) Improves vehicle control and handling, especially at low speed.

(iv) Increases comfort and reduces fatigue during long drives.

(v) Helps in maintaining safety and stability with quick maneuvering.

A. Fill in the blanks:

1. Wheel balancing helps to eliminate _____________ and prevent premature wear of various vehicle components. 

Ans: Vibration.

2. The first sign of possible wheel imbalance is when the steering wheel starts to ____________ at certain speeds. 

Ans: Wobble.

3. Wheel alignment consists of adjusting the angles of the wheels to reduce tyre wear and ensure ____________ travel.

Ans: Straight.

4. Caster angle influences vehicle stability at ____________ speeds and affects tyre lean during cornering.

Ans: High.

B. Multiple Choice Questions: 

1. What is the purpose of wheel balancing? 

(a) To increase tyre wear.

(b) To eliminate vibration and premature wear.

(c) To make steering harder.

(d) To increase vehicle weight.

Ans: (b) To eliminate vibration and premature wear.

2. What is the primary purpose of adjusting wheel alignment? 

(a) Increase fuel efficiency.

(b) Improve suspension performance.

(c) Reduce tyre wear and ensure straight travel.

(d) Enhance engine power.

Ans: (c) Reduce tyre wear and ensure straight travel.

3. Which type of wheel imbalance causes a vibration that can be felt at the steering wheel? 

(a) Rear wheel imbalance.

(b) Front wheel imbalance.

(c) Left wheel imbalance.

(d) Right wheel imbalance.

Ans: (b) Front wheel imbalance.

4. Toe-in adjustment is responsible for ensuring: 

(a) Wheels roll parallel.

(b) Wheels rotate in opposite directions.

(c) Wheels tilt inward at the top.

(d) Wheels are balanced.

Ans: (a) Wheels roll parallel.

C. Answer the following question:

1. What is the use of castor plate? 

Ans: A castor plate is used for measuring the castor angle and camber angle of the front wheels during wheel alignment. It allows free movement of the wheel so that the technician can accurately check steering geometry.

2. Write the turning radius of two small cars? 

Ans: Maruti Alto: approx. 4.6 m

Hyundai Santro: approx. 4.7 m

(Turning radius varies slightly by model, but small cars usually range between 4.5 – 5.0 meters.)

3. Explain Wheel Balancing and Wheel alignment.

Ans: Wheels which are out of balance generally produce a vibration that makes it uncomfortable to drive a vehicle. It results in premature wearing of suspension parts, steering components, rotating parts and tyres. Correctly balanced wheels help to eliminate vibration and avoid premature wear caused by an imbalance in the rotating wheel and tyre assembly. The first sign that wheels may be out of balance is when the steering wheel starts to wobble at a certain speed.

Wheel alignment: It consists of adjusting the angles of the wheels so that they are set to the manufacturer’s specification. The purpose of these adjustments is to reduce tyre wear, and to ensure that vehicle travel is straight and true (without ‘pulling’ to one side).

4. Why wheel balancing is required in a vehicle?

Ans: wheel balancing is required in a vehicle because:

(i) To prevent vibrations at higher speeds.

(ii) To reduce uneven tyre wear.

(iii) To ensure smooth steering control.

(iv) To improve ride comfort and tyre life.

5. How dynamic balancing of wheel is carried out with the help of balancing machine?  

Ans: Wheels are balanced on a wheel balancing machine. The machine rotates the wheel assembly and automatically calculates the weight and location of the balance counter, as a result of wheel balancing, one will feel a smoother ride and low wear from tyres.

6. Write the symptoms of imbalanced wheel in the vehicle? 

Ans: Steering wheel vibration, especially at certain speeds.

Uneven or rapid tyre wear.

Noise from the tyres.

Poor handling and reduced comfort.

Vehicle pulling to one side.

7. What are the ill-effects, if wheels are not properly balanced in a car?

Ans: It results in premature wearing of suspension parts, steering components, rotating parts and tyres.

8. What do you understand by toe-in and toe-out? 

Ans: Toe-in is a measurement of how much the front and/or rear wheels are turned in or out from a straight-ahead position. When the wheels are turned in, toe is positive (+). When the wheels are turned out, toe is negative (–). The purpose of toe is to ensure that the wheels roll parallel. Toe also serves to offset the small deflections of the wheel support system that occur when the vehicle is rolling forward.

9. What is castor angle and how does it affect steering system? 

Ans: Castor angle influences vehicle stability at high speeds and affects tyre lean during cornering.

10. What is camber angle and how does it affect steering system? 

Ans: Camber is the tilting of the front wheels from the vertical. When the wheels tilt outward at top the camber is positive. When the wheels tilt inward as seen from the top, the camber is negative. Camber maintains the directional stability. The change in the camber causes due to damaged, loose, bend, dented or worn out suspension parts and they should be replaced.

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