SEBA Class 9 Solanaceous Crop Cultivator Chapter 3 Field Preparation and Transplanting in Solanaceous Crops Solutions English Medium, SEBA Class 9 Solanaceous Crop Cultivator Question Answer, SEBA Class 9 Solanaceous Crop Cultivator Chapter 3 Field Preparation and Transplanting in Solanaceous Crops Question Answer to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse throughout different chapter SEBA Class 9 Solanaceous Crop Cultivator Chapter 3 Field Preparation and Transplanting in Solanaceous Crops English Medium Solutions and select needs one.
SEBA Class 9 Solanaceous Crop Cultivator Chapter 3 Field Preparation and Transplanting in Solanaceous Crops
Also, you can read the SCERT book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per SCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines. SEBA Solanaceous Crop Cultivator Elective Class 9 Question Answer. These solutions are part of SCERT All Subject Solutions. Here we have given SEBA Class 9 Solanaceous Crop Cultivator Chapter 3 Field Preparation and Transplanting in Solanaceous Crops Solutions for All Chapter, You can practice these here.
Field Preparation and Transplanting in Solanaceous Crops
Chapter – 3
| Session – 1: Soil and Field Preparation |
| Check Your Progress |
(A) Fill in the Blanks:
1. The word ‘soil’ is derived from a Latin word ____________.
Ans: Solum.
2. Soil develops as a result of ____________ processes.
Ans: Weathering.
3. The pH of black soil is ____________.
Ans: 7.2 to 8.5
4. Laterite soils are mostly found in ____________.
Ans: Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
5. Soil sample is collected at a depth of ____________.
Ans: 0-15 cm (Topsoil layer).
(B) Multiple Choice Questions:
1. Black soil is ____________.
(a) Poor in nitrogen.
(b) Rich in organic matter.
(c) Rich in phosphate.
(d) Poor in potash.
Ans: (a) Poor in nitrogen.
2. Red soil has which of the following character?
(a) Water stagnant.
(b) Marshy.
(c) Porous.
(d) Infertile.
Ans: (c) Porous.
3. Lateritic (laterite) soil is ____________ in nature.
(a) Alkaline.
(b) Acidic.
(c) Neutral.
(d) Saline.
Ans: (b) Acidic.
4. Which of the following is a characteristic of alluvial soil?
(a) Poor quality soil.
(b) Non-productive.
(c) Infertile.
(d) Productive.
Ans: (d) Productive.
5. Desert soil is found in ____________.
(a) Low rainfall areas.
(b) Average rainfall areas.
(c) High rainfall areas.
(d) All of the above.
Ans: (a) Low rainfall areas.
(C) Descriptive Questions:
1. What is soil? Briefly describe the properties of soil.
Ans: Soil is the most important and easily available growing medium for plants. Soils are of different types, depending upon their chemical and physical properties. It’s derived from the Latin word Solum. It may be defined as a natural body developed as a result of weathering of rocks, in which plants and other forms of life grow and prosper. It is the upper loose layer of the earth crust rich in nutrients and minerals on which plants grow. Soil is composed of minerals (45–50%), organic matters (0.5–5%), water (25%) and a large number of plants, animals and microbes.
The important properties of soil are as follows:
Physical properties:
(i) Soil Structure: Soil structure describes how individual soil particles bind together to form aggregates. Good soil structure allows for proper aeration, water infiltration, and root penetration. Structure types include granular, blocky, platy, and prismatic.
(ii) Soil Texture: The particles that make up soil are categorized into three groups by size – sand, silt, and clay. Sand particles are the largest and clay particles the smallest. Most soils are a combination of the three.
(iii) Soil Porosity: Porosity is the measure of the spaces (pores) between soil particles. It controls the movement of air and water within the soil. Soils with good porosity allow proper drainage and aeration, essential for healthy root development.
(iv) Soil Color: Soil color is influenced primarily by soil mineralogy—telling us what is in a specific soil. Soils high in iron are deep orange-brown to yellowish-brown. Those soils that are high in organic matter are dark brown or black. Color can also tell us how a soil “behaves.”
Chemical properties:
(i) Soil pH: The pH of the soil measures its acidity or alkalinity. It affects the availability of essential nutrients to plants. Soils can be acidic (pH < 7), neutral (pH = 7), or alkaline (pH > 7). Most plants prefer a slightly acidic to neutral soil (pH 6–7).
(ii) Buffer pH: In addition to soil pH, many soil tests provide a reading called buffer pH (sometimes called lime index). Soil pH is a measure of hydrogen ion (H?) concentration in the soil solution, which is called active acidity—an indicator of current soil conditions. However, there are hydrogen ions, referred to as a reserve acidity, that are released into the soil solution to replace those neutralized by the lime.
(iii) Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC): CEC is the soil’s ability to hold positively charged ions (cations) such as calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), and potassium (K⁺). A higher CEC means the soil can retain more nutrients, making it more fertile. Soils rich in clay and organic matter generally have high CEC.
(iv) Soil Organic Matter: Soil organic matter is a measurement of the amount of plant and animal residue in the soil. It has several important implications for soil fertility. Organic matter acts as a revolving nutrient bank account, which releases vine-available nutrients over an extended period to the vines. Soil organic matter is a source of both macronutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as micronutrients including iron, copper, and zinc.
2. What is the importance of soil in relation to plant growth?
Ans: Soil is a vital component for plant growth as it provides the necessary conditions for plants to thrive. Soil provides nutrients to plants, which help in their growth. It provides support to growing plants by holding their roots. It holds moisture and water for a long time and serves as a habitat for many micro and macroorganisms. Soil also provides heat, air and water to growing organisms living in or over it. It is the most important natural resource of a country.
3. Classify the soils of India.
Ans: There are different types of soil in India, which can be classiÀed on the basis of their colour and characteristics.
(i) Black soil: These soils are poor in nitrogen, phosphate and organic matter but rich in potash, calcium and magnesium. The pH of black soil is 6.8.
(ii) Red soil: These are porous, friable and neutral to acidic in nature. These soils are poor in nitrogen, phosphate, lime and humus. Generally, the pH of red soil is more than 5.
(iii) Lateritic (laterite): These show acidic character with pH of 5 to 6. These soils are porous and have low water holding capacity. Lateritic soils are deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus, potash, magnesium and lime. Such soils are, generally, found in the states of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
(iv) Alluvial soil: These are productive soils, which are formed due to the deposition of silt by the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers in course of their heavy Áow during the rainy season. Due to meandering of the river course, a rich deposit of alluvial soil develops. The pH of alluvial soil ranges from 6.5 to 8.4.
(v) Desert soil: Desert soils are sandy and found in low rainfall areas. These are alkaline soils with high pH value and are unproductive. The pH of desert soil ranges from 7.6 to 8.4.
(vi) Forest and hilly soil: These are the soils of higher and lower elevation found on hills. These are stony and infertile. The pH of such soil is 4.
(vii) Peat and marshy land: These soils are highly acidic in nature and black in colour. Excessive wetness of the soil, causing decay and degradation of dead vegetation, forms a layer of partially decomposed organic matter.
4. What do you understand by soil testing? Why is soil testing required and how is it done?
Ans: It is one of the methods to determine the fertility status of a soil, so that recommendations with respect to lacking nutrients or appropriate soil reclamation can be done.
A complete soil test programme essentially consists of three basic steps, which are as follows:
(a) Soil sampling.
(b) Soil testing.
(c) Soil test interpretation and fertiliser recommendations.
Soil testing is required to fulfill the following purposes:
(a) Help in the evaluation and improvement of soil productivity.
(b) Determine the nature of soil, i.e., alkaline, saline, acidic, etc., and suggest corrective measures.
(c) Help in deciding the right kind and quantity of fertilisers to be used.
(d) Reveal the condition of a soil so that it can be improved with proper application of nutrients and other management practices.
Soil testing is done by this following steps:
(a) Collection of Soil Sample: Samples are collected randomly from different locations in the field, typically from the topsoil (0-15 cm). The samples are mixed to form a representative composite sample using tools like a soil auger or spade.
(b) Preparation of the Sample: The sample is air-dried, ground, and sieved to remove large particles. Only the finer soil particles are used for testing.
(c) Sending for Testing: The prepared soil sample is sent to a laboratory. There, the soil is tested for things like how acidic or alkaline it is (pH), how many different nutrients it has, how well it holds nutrients (Cation Exchange Capacity), how much organic matter is there, and if it has any salt content.
(d) Interpretation and Recommendations: The laboratory looks at the test results and suggests what kind of fertilizers or soil improvements are needed. This helps the soil become better for growing plants.
5. How is field preparation done for solanaceous crops?
Ans: Solanaceous crops are grown in different kinds of soil — ranging from sandy loam to clayey loam. For the successful cultivation of solanaceous crops, the soil must be fertile with continuous supply of nutrients and proper drainage facility. Light soils are preferred for early crop and loam or clayey soils for a higher yield. The optimum soil pH for tomatoes is 6–7. It can tolerate a little soil acidity up to 5.5. Brinjal can tolerate slightly acidic soil, pH ranging from 5.5 to 6.8. For chilli cultivation, the soil pH must be 6.5–7.5. Chillies are grown on heavy black cotton soil during the rainy season, particularly dry chilli.
6. Write short notes on:
(a) Soil Health Card Scheme.
Ans: The scheme was launched by the Government of India in February 2015. Under this scheme, a Soil Health Card is issued to farmers. It contains information about the different nutrients present in a crop and fertilisers recommended for a farm. It helps farmers to improve their crop’s productivity through judicious use of fertilisers and other resources. The soil crop’s samples are collected on grid basis and tested in soil testing labs. The experts analyse the soil crop and suggest suitable measures for optimum crop production. The results and suggestions are displayed in the cards for farmers to understand the nature of the soil and its suitability to cultivate a particular crop.
(b) Nutrients required by solanaceous crops.
Ans: Solanaceous crops, such as tomatoes, brinjal (eggplant), and chillies, require a variety of essential nutrients for healthy growth and high yield. The quantities taken up by them depend on the yields of fruit and vegetative parts, which in turn are influenced by a number of genetic and environmental variables. To produce a ton of fresh fruit, the crops need to absorb, on average, 2.5 to 3 kg N, 0.2 to 0.3 kg P, and 3 to 3.5 kg K in tomato; 3 to 3.5 kg N, 0.2 to 0.3 kg P, and 2.5 to 3 kg K in eggplant; and 3 to 3.5 kg N, 0.8 to 1 kg P, and 5 to 6 kg K in hot and bell peppers. In the absence of production constraints, nutrient uptake and yield are very closely related. Fruits and fruiting parts in this group of vegetables contain 45 to 60% of the total N, 50 to 60% of the total P and 55 to 70% of the total K absorbed by the plants.
Apart from these nutrients, solanaceous crops also require proper irrigation to maintain healthy growth, especially during flowering and fruiting stages. Well-drained soil is important for root respiration and efficient nutrient uptake. Ensuring an adequate supply of these nutrients and maintaining good soil conditions are essential for achieving high-quality fruits and strong disease resistance in solanaceous crops.
(D) Match the Columns:
| Soil type | Characteristics |
| 1. Black soil | (a) highly acidic and black |
| 2. Red soil | (b) rich in potash, calcium |
| 3. Lateritic soil | (c) sandy soil found in low rainfall areas |
| 4. Alluvial soil | (d) stony and infertile |
| 5. Desert soil | (e) low water holding capacity |
| 6. Forest and hilly soil | (f) coastal regions |
| 7. Peat and marshy land | (g) poor in nitrogen, phosphate and lime |
Ans:
| Soil type | Characteristics |
| 1. Black soil | (b) Rich in potash, calcium |
| 2. Red soil | (g) Poor in nitrogen, phosphate, and lime |
| 3. Lateritic soil | (a) Highly acidic and black |
| 4. Alluvial soil | (f) Coastal regions |
| 5. Desert soil | (e) Low water holding capacity |
| 6. Forest and hilly soil | (d) Stony and infertile |
| 7. Peat and marshy land | (c) Sandy soil found in low rainfall areas |
| Session – 2: Transplanting of Seedlings |
| Check Your Progress |
(A) Fill in the Blanks:
1. In plains, planting time of potato is ______________.
Ans: September-October.
2. The appropriate height of seedlings should be __________ at the time of transplanting.
Ans: 10-15 cm.
3. The ______________ facilitates to keep the fruits in hanging position above the ground.
Ans: Staking.
4. ______________ is a method of uprooting the selected seedlings from a nursery bed and planting them in the main field at suitable spacing.
Ans: Transplanting.
5. Transplanting shock can be prevented by ______________ of the seedlings.
Ans: Proper hardening.
6. Potato crop is raised by planting ______________ directly in the main field.
Ans: Tuber pieces.
7. The best temperature for planting potato is ____________.
Ans: 15°C to 20°C.
8. In intercropping, a ______________ crop is selected with a deep-rooted crop.
Ans: Shallow-rooted.
9. ______________ maintains and improves soil fertility.
Ans: Crop rotation.
(B) Multiple Choice Questions:
1. At the time of transplanting, a seedling must be ____________.
(a) Vigorous and sturdy.
(b) Having good root system.
(c) Hardened in the nursery.
(d) All of the above.
Ans: (d) All of the above.
2. Transplanting is done when the weather is ____________.
(a) Cloudy.
(b) Cool.
(c) Both a and b.
(d) Hot.
Ans: (c) Both a and b.
3. Solanaceous vegetable crops are also known as _________.
(a) Warm season crop.
(b) Cool season crop.
(c) Temperate crop.
(d) None of the above.
Ans: (a) Warm season crop.
4. The temporary growth retardation or subsequent mortality of seedlings after transplanting is called __________.
(a) Damping off.
(b) Wilt.
(c) Transplanting shock.
(d) None of the above.
Ans: (c) Transplanting shock
5. ______________ means supporting the plant stem or branches by tying them to wooden or metal stakes (planks).
(a) Rouging.
(b) Staking.
(c) Pruning.
(d) Intercropping.
Ans: (b) Staking.
6. Potato crop is taken as ______________ crop in plains.
(a) Summer season.
(b) Rainy season.
(c) Winter season.
(d) All the year round.
Ans: (c) Winter season.
7. Which of these system is followed when two or more crops are grown simultaneously in alternate rows?
(a) Mix cropping.
(b) Intercropping.
(c) Relay cropping.
(d) Crop rotation.
Ans: (b) Intercropping.
8. The system of growing crops in recurrent succession on the same piece of land either in a year or over a longer period of time is known as ______________.
(a) Mix cropping.
(b) Intercropping.
(c) Relay cropping.
(d) Crop rotation.
Ans: (d) Crop rotation.
(C) Descriptive Questions :
1. What is transplanting shock? How can it be minimised?
Ans: Transplanting shock means temporary retardation in growth or subsequent mortality of seedlings just after transplanting. This can be prevented by hardening of the seedlings by withholding water for 3–5 days before transplanting. Seedlings can recover easily if watered frequently for about a week after transplanting.
Precautions:
(a) Water the seedlings before uprooting them in order to reduce root injury.
(b) Tie the seedlings in suitable bundles for taking them to the field.
(c) Do not place the seedlings under direct sunlight after uprooting them.
(d) Protect the seedlings from farm animals.
(e) Preferably choose evening hours for transplanting.
(f) Treat the roots of seedlings with fungicides or insecticides to prevent them from diseases, insects and pests.
(g) Ensure that the field is kept moist for better growth of the seedlings.
2. What is staking? Enumerate its advantages.
Ans: Staking is supporting a plant’s stem or branches by tying them to wooden or metal stakes (planks). Staking prevents dislodging of the plant due to wind. It is observed that when solanaceous plants bear heavy fruiting, their branches may get broken or bend downwards. The breakage of branches reduces the yield, while their bending brings the fruits in contact with the soil and impairs their quality. Staking is, generally, done to support the plant to keep it in an upright position and the fruits in a hanging position above the ground. Individual plants are staked on wooden or metal planks. Indeterminate types of varieties are staked by tying them to strings or wires running across rows. Lines of strings are strung between the stakes in order to provide support to the plant. A stake of 5–6 feet high is required for the staking of an indeterminate variety, while in case of a determinate variety, 3–4 feet high stake is needed.
Advantages:
(a) Prevents dislodging or breaking of plants due to wind or heavy fruit load.
(b) Keeps fruits off the ground, reducing rot and spoilage.
(c) Facilitates better air circulation, reducing the risk of fungal diseases.
(d) Simplifies maintenance tasks like irrigation, spraying, and harvesting.
(e) Helps in training the plant for vertical growth, thus saving space.
3. Write down the criteria for the selection of seedlings for transplanting.
Ans: In solanaceous vegetable crops, 4–5 weeks old seedlings with 10–15 cm height (4–5 leaves) are suitable for transplanting. Do not select weak, lanky and overgrown seedlings. Watering of the nursery bed is required just before uprooting.
During transplanting, a seedling must be:
(i) Vigorous and sturdy.
(ii) Having a healthy root system.
(iii) Free from insects, pests and diseases.
(iv) Hardened in the nursery.
4. Describe the method of potato planting.
Ans: Potato crop is raised by planting tubers or pieces of a tuber directly in the main field at required spacing. After the preparation of the land, the potato seeds are planted in the ridge and furrow system. In the manual method of planting, potato seed tubers are planted on the north side of each ridge, whereas furrows are made with the help of a tractor drawn 2–4 row plantercum-fertiliser drills. Care is taken that seed tubers do not come in contact with fertilisers.
Potato is taken as a winter season crop in plains. The best temperature required for growing the crop is 30–32ºC and the minimum is 10–20 ºC. In plains, September– October is the best time for planting potatoes. In hills, a temperature range of 20–22 ºC (maximum) and 12–15 ºC (minimum) is suitable for potato cultivation.
5. Give the recommended spacing required for various solanaceous crops.
Ans: Appropriate spacing to get the optimum plant population is important for getting the maximum yield and better quality produce, without unduly increasing the cost of production. Closer spacing gives higher yield but the tuber size is reduced. Besides, it increases the incidence of pests and diseases.
The spacing for the transplanting of solanaceous crops is:
| Crops | Spacing in cm (row-to-row x plant-to-plant) |
| Tomato | 60 x 45 (determinate varieties/hybrids)90 x 60 (indeterminate varieties/hybrids) |
| Brinjal | 60 x 45 (long fruits) 90 x 90 (round fruits) |
| Chilli | 45 x 45 |
| Potato | 60 x 20 |
(D) Match the Columns:
| Vegetables | Spacing |
| 1. Tomato indeterminate type | (a) 60 × 20 cm |
| 2. Long fruit bearing brinjal | (b) 45 × 45 cm |
| 3. Chilli | (c) 60 × 45 cm |
| 4. Potato | (d) 90 × 60 cm |
Ans:
| Vegetables | Spacing |
| 1. Tomato indeterminate type | (d) 90 × 60 cm |
| 2. Long fruit bearing brinjal | (c) 60 × 45 cm |
| 3. Chilli | (b) 45 × 45 cm |
| 4. Potato | (a) 60 × 20 cm |
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