SEBA Class 9 Solanaceous Crop Cultivator Chapter 2 Seed Selection and Seedling Production

SEBA Class 9 Solanaceous Crop Cultivator Chapter 2 Seed Selection and Seedling Production Solutions English Medium, SEBA Class 9 Solanaceous Crop Cultivator Question Answer, SEBA Class 9 Solanaceous Crop Cultivator Chapter 2 Seed Selection and Seedling Production Question Answer to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse throughout different chapter SEBA Class 9 Solanaceous Crop Cultivator Chapter 2 Seed Selection and Seedling Production English Medium Solutions and select needs one.

SEBA Class 9 Solanaceous Crop Cultivator Chapter 2 Seed Selection and Seedling Production

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Also, you can read the SCERT book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per SCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines. SEBA Solanaceous Crop Cultivator Elective Class 9 Question Answer. These solutions are part of SCERT All Subject Solutions. Here we have given SEBA Class 9 Solanaceous Crop Cultivator Chapter 2 Seed Selection and Seedling Production Solutions for All Chapter, You can practice these here.

Seed Selection and Seedling Production

Chapter – 2

(A) Fill in the Blanks: 

1. In _____________ type of tomato, the growth of plants terminates in the flower bud. 

Ans: Determinate.

2. Pusa Sadabahar is a variety of _____________. 

Ans: Chilli.

3. Fruits of _____________ variety of brinjal are long and green in colour. 

Ans: Pusa Hara Baingan. 

4. The variety of potato suitable for processing is ___________.

Ans: Kufri Chipsona-1. 

(B) Multiple Choice Questions: 

1. Seeds can be defined as a dormant ____________ 

(a) Embryo. 

(b) Ovule.

(c) Ovary.

(d) Fruit. 

Ans: (a) Embryo.

2. Which of the following is not a part of a seed? 

(a) Seed coat.

(b) Embryo.

(c) Cotyledon.

(d) Ovary. 

Ans: (d) Ovary.

3. Determinate type tomato comprises ___________ varieties. 

(a) Late.

(b) Early.

(c) Mid-season.

(d) All of the above. 

Ans: (b) Early.

4. Which one among the following does not belong to determinate type tomato? 

(a) Vaishali.

(b) Rupali.

(c) Arka Saurabh.

(d) Rashmi. 

Ans: (c) Arka Saurabh.

5. Which tomato variety is not an indeterminate type? 

(a) Arka Rakshak.

(b) Arka Meghali.

(c) Arka Samrat.

(d) Pusa Early Dwarf.

Ans: (d) Pusa Early Dwarf.

6. Long fruited brinjal is ____________. 

(a) Pusa Hybrid–6.

(b) Pusa Hybrid–9.

(c) Pusa Upkar.

(d) Pusa Purple Cluster. 

Ans: (a) Pusa Hybrid–6.

7. Which of the following is a sweet pepper variety? 

(a) Pusa Jwala. 

(b) Pant C–1.

(c) Andhra Jyoti.

(d) Arka Gaurav. 

Ans: Arka Gaurav.

8. Seed rate of pure variety of tomato is _______ g/hectare. 

(a) 400

(b) 200

(c) 600

(d) 700

Ans: (a) 400.

(C) Descriptive Questions

1. What is seed? What are the different parts of a seed?

Ans: Seeds can be defined as a dormant embryo (microseedling), which develops into a plant when subjected to required environmental conditions.

The different parts of a seed are:

(a) Seed coat. 

(b) Embryo: Cotyledons or endosperm.

(c) Plumule bud. 

(d) Radicle.

2. Which agencies in India are responsible for producing certified seeds?

Ans: In India, several agencies are responsible for producing certified seeds to ensure quality and availability to farmers. 

These include:

(i) Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) institutions.

(ii) State Agricultural Universities (SAUs).

(iii) Sponsored breeders recognised by selected State Seed Corporations.

(iv) National Seeds Corporation (NSC).

(v) State Seeds Corporation (SSC).

(vi) State Farms Corporation of India (SFCI).

(vii) Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs).

(viii) Non-governmental Organisations, etc.

3. Differentiate between determinate and indeterminate types of tomatoes. 

Ans: 

4. Describe seed quality.

Ans: A seed should be: 

(i) Genetically pure.

(ii) Viable.

(iii) Containing optimum moisture content.

(iv) Free from a mixture of other seeds.

(v) Healthy and free from infection or infestation.

(vi) Intact, i.e., without any damage to any of its parts.

5. Give the seed requirement of solanaceous crops per hectare.

Ans: 

(D) Match the Columns:

Ans: 

(A) Fill in the Blanks:

1. All solanaceous vegetables except _________ are transplanted crops. 

Ans: Potato.

2. The _________ beds are prepared 15–20 cm high from ground level. 

Ans: Raised.

3. The width of a raised bed should not be more than ________ m. 

Ans: 1.02m

4. In __________ method of soil treatment, the energy from the Sun is used. 

Ans: Solarisation.

5. Certain biological agents, like __________, are effectively used for controlling of soil-borne pathogens. 

Ans: Trichoderma species.

6. Temperature range of __________ is found favourable for the germination of seeds of solanaceous crops. 

Ans: 18–30°C.

7. The depth of sowing solanaceous crop is usually ________ cm in a nursery bed. 

Ans: 0.6–1.0

8. The spacing of sowing solanaceous crop seeds is ____________ cm. 

Ans: 5–7

9. A by-product of the coir industry, which is a part of the germination medium, is known as ___________.

Ans: Coco peat.

(B) Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Raised beds are ________ cm high from the ground level. 

(a) 5–10

(b) 15–20

(c) 25–30

(d) 30–35 

Ans: (b) 15–20.

2. A space of ______________ cm is left between two beds. 

(a) 30–40

(b) 20–25

(c) 15–20

(d) 20–25 

Ans: (a) 30–40.

3. The soil is sterilised in an autoclave at ___________ºC for 30 minutes. 

(a) 100

(b) 140

(c) 121

(d) 80 

Ans: (c) 121.

4. In hot water seed treatment, seeds are placed at a temperature of ______________ ºC for 10–30 minutes. 

(a) 48–55

(b) 30–35

(c) 20–25    

(d) 15–20 

Ans: (a) 48–55.

5. Fungus used for seed treatment to control seed and soil-borne inoculums is ______________. 

(a) Trichogramma.

(b) Trichoderma.

(c) Rhizopus.

(d) Rhizobium. 

Ans: (b) Trichoderma.

6. The capability of a seed to germinate and produce normal seedlings is called ______________. 

(a) Seed vitality.

(b) Seed viability.

(c) Seed dormancy.

(d) Compatibility.

Ans: (b) Seed viability.

(C) Descriptive Questions:

1. What is a nursery bed? How is it prepared?

Ans: A nursery bed is a small area where necessary soil and environmental conditions, such as germinating media, plant nutrients, water, temperature, oxygen and weather protection are provided for the germination and growth of seeds into healthy seedlings.

Method to prepare nursery beds: 

(i) Prepare 15–20 cm raised beds. The width should be between 0.45 and 1.20 m, whereas, the ideal length ranges from 3 to 5 m. 

(ii) This enables drainage during rains and avoids water stagnation.

(iii) The nursery bed is thoroughly mixed with 10–15 kg of decomposed farmyard manure per square metre. 

(iv)  All weeds, stones, stumps, clots, etc., are removed from the field and the bed should be levelled. 

(v) The seeds are sown in lines in the bed. 

(vi) To carry out cultural practices, the space between two beds should be 30–40 cm.

2. How the soil for a seed bed can be sterilised chemically?

Ans: The soil for a seed bed can be sterilised chemically using fumigants such as formaldehyde, chloropicrin, methyl bromide, and Vapam. These chemicals are mixed with water and evenly spread over the soil surface. The soil is, then, covered with polyethylene sheets for 2–3 days. After 2–3 days, the sheets are removed and the beds are prepared after seven days. This treatment will kill all weeds and microorganisms present in the soil. 

Fungicides, like Carbendazim and Copper oxychloride, are used to inhibit soil-borne fungi. Fungicide solutions are poured or sprayed on the soil uniformly. 

Insecticide, like Chlorpyriphos, is also used to kill insects present in the soil. Approximately, 2 litres of Chlorpyriphos is mixed with 1 litre of water and is applied to a depth of 15 to 20 cm in the soil to kill insects, including ants and their eggs, nematodes, etc.

3. Why is seed treatment followed before sowing?

Ans: Seed treatment is followed before sowing to protect seeds from seed-borne and soil-borne diseases, improve germination, ensure uniform seedling growth, and enhance crop productivity. It also helps in minimizing seedling mortality caused by fungal infections, pests, or poor seed vigor.

Types of seed treatment include:

Hot water treatment: Dry seeds are placed in water having a temperature of 48–55 ºC for 10–30 minutes prior to sowing. This reduces seed-borne inoculums. 

Chemical treatment: Seed treatment with fungicides, like Thiram at the rate of 3 g/kg or Carbendazim at the rate of 2 g/kg, is done to prevent fungal attack on seeds. Similarly, insecticides, like Imidacloprid 70% WS at the rate of 7 g active ingredient per kg of seed, can be used for the protection of seeds against insects and pests. The seeds are shaken with the chemical in a closed container or seed treating drum, so that each seed gets pelleted with the pesticide. In another method, the seeds are kept in a pesticide solution for a specific period prior to sowing. 

Biological seed treatment: Some bio-agents are used for seed treatment to control seed and soil-borne inoculum, such as Trichoderma harzianum. For the improvement of germinability and production of leguminous crop, seeds are treated with biofertilizers, like Rhizobium species.

4. Describe soil sterilisation.

Ans: Nursery plants are prone to many soil-borne infections and infestations. The soil of the nursery should, therefore, be sterilised. The soil can be sterilised by the use of chemical, physical or biological sterilisers. 

(i) Chemical steriliser: Fumigants, like formaldehyde, chloropicrin, methyl bromide and vapam are used for sterilising of soil. These chemicals are mixed with water and spread over the area. The soil is, then, covered with polyethylene sheets for 2–3 days. After 2–3 days, the sheets are removed and the beds are prepared after seven days. This treatment will kill all weeds and microorganisms present in the soil. 

Fungicides, like Carbendazim and Copper oxychloride, are used to inhibit soil-borne fungi. Fungicide solutions are poured or sprayed on the soil uniformly.

Insecticide, like Chlorpyriphos, is also used to kill insects present in the soil. Approximately, 2 litres of Chlorpyriphos is mixed with 1 litre of water and is applied to a depth of 15 to 20 cm in the soil to kill insects, including ants and their eggs, nematodes, etc. 

(ii) Physical steriliser: The soil and sand used for the preparation of the bed can be sterilised in an autoclave at 121 ºC for 30 minutes. This will kill almost all weeds and microorganisms present in it. It is difficult to execute the process on a large scale as certain beneficial factors may get lost from the soil. 

Mostly, soil solarisation, i.e., solar energy, is used as a method to sterilise the soil.

(iii) Bio-agents: Certain biological agents, such as Trichoderma species, are effective in controlling soil-borne pathogens. These bio-agents are mixed well into the soil, typically at a rate of 10–25 g per square metre. Seeds should be sown 2–3 days after the application of the bio-agent.

5. How is the medium for pro-trays prepared?

Ans: The medium for pro-trays is prepared by mixing coco peat, vermiculite and perlite in 3:1:1 proportion. Coco peat is obtained from the coir industry as a by-product. One seed is sown per plug. Small depressions (0.5 cm) are made at the centre of the plugs with fingertips or mechanical tools for the sowing of seeds. The seeds are then covered with the medium. Arrange the pro-trays one on the other to enhance the temperature, which will help in germination. When germination starts, the pro-trays are separated and watered with a watering can. 

6. List the factors which affect seed germination.

Ans: The factors  that affect seed germination are: 

(i) Temperature: Almost all solanaceous crops cannot withstand frost. Seeds cannot germinate at a low temperature. Temperature range of 13 to 21 ºC is favourable for seed germination. 

(ii) Moisture: Moisture is of prime importance in initiating germination in a seed. 

(iii) Sowing time: The time of sowing a seed or plant of a particular species in the open determines the success or failure of a crop to a considerable extent. The planting time should be determined by taking into consideration the soil and weather conditions, the kind of crop, and the time when the produce is desired for vegetable purposes. 

(iv) Depth of sowing: Small seeds if sown deep in the soil fail to germinate. The depth at which a seed has to be sown is decided according to its size. The seeds of solanaceous crops are small in size and can be sown up to a depth of 2 cm. The seeds, if sown shallow, may be picked up by birds. 

(v) Seed coat: Sometimes, the germination of a seed is inhibited or delayed due to the presence of a hard seed coat. In such cases, the seed coat is broken or softened by various methods, like soaking the seed in water or acid or rupturing the seed coat mechanically.

(vi) Seed viability: The capability of a seed to germinate and produce normal seedlings is known as ‘seed viability’. Seed viability is not retained indefinitely and the seed, gradually, deteriorates and dies due to ageing. The viable period of a seed varies from crop-to-crop and even on variety within a crop.

(vii) Seed dormancy: Usually, potato seeds show dormancy due to which they do not germinate. The treatment of thio-urea or dipping of tuber in a solution of Gibberellins at 0.5–1 ppm reduces dormancy. 

(viii) Seed pests: Insects, pests and mites in storage are responsible for damaging the seed structure by biting or chewing the seeds. 

(ix) Seed diseases: The association of certain bacteria and fungi shortens seed viability, and thus, affects germination.

7. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of soil nursery.

Ans: The advantages and disadvantages of soil nursery are as follows:

Advantages:

(a) It helps reduce the wastage of small and expensive hybrid seeds due to better care in a nursery. 

(b) The germination percent is high in nursery beds as compared to direct sown crops. 

(c) The nursery area is small, hence, seedlings can be managed in a better way with minimum care and cost.

(d) By selecting vigorous and healthy seedlings in a nursery for transplanting, better and uniform crop growth can be obtained in the main field through better survival chances. 

(e) It helps reduce crop duration in the main field by at least a month, which saves both land and labour. 

(f) Controlling insects, diseases and weeds is easy during the initial stage.

Disadvantages: 

(a) In comparison to pro-tray technique, more seeds are required in a nursery. 

(b) Seedlings may get injured during uprooting, so irrigate the beds just before uprooting. 

(c) Chances of soil-borne infections are more, if soil treatment is not done carefully. 

(d) Chances of loss due to rodents are more. To avoid such a situation, carefully select a site. 

(e) Seedlings may grow dense, which affects the growth of plants. Hence, line sowing and thinning can be done. 

(f) A nursery requires more watering and intercultural operations for healthy seedlings.

(D) Match the Columns:

Ans: 

(A) Fill in the Blanks:

1. For pumpkin, pro-trays with ________________ cells per tray are used.

Ans: 50.

2. Big size cell influences the ________________ of the crop. 

Ans: Growth.

3. When bigger cells are used, the plant has more ____________ to grow. 

Ans: Space.

4. Dark coloured pro-trays tend to cause faster growth than ___________ coloured trays. 

Ans: Light.

5. About ______________ pro-trays (98 cells/tray) are required for seedling production for one hectare. 

Ans: 238.

6. The ______________ allows good aeration to pro-trays. 

Ans: Raised platform.

7. Vermiculite does not support ________________ growth in the tray. 

Ans:Microbial.

8. Pro-trays are made of soft plastic with shallow __________.

Ans: Grooves.

(B) Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Pro-trays growing medium has vermiculite because ____________. 

(a) It is easy to apply evenly. 

(b) It has good aeration. 

(c) It does not support algae. 

(d) All of the above. 

Ans: (d) All of the above.

2. Coco peat ________________. 

(a) Is sterilisable. 

(b) Is light in weight.

(c) Has good water holding capacity.

d) All of the above. 

Ans: (d) All of the above.

3. Approximately __________ kg of coco peat is required for filling one pro-tray. 

(a) 1.2

(b) 2

(c) 2.2 

(d) 3

Ans: (a) 1.2.

(C) Descriptive Questions:

1. Why do we raise nursery in pro-trays?

Ans: Pro-trays are made of soft plastic with shallow plugs, and they are used to raise nurseries because they provide a controlled environment for seed germination. The seeds are sown in a soilless germination medium, which allows for better aeration, drainage, and root development. Pro-trays help in ensuring uniform growth of seedlings, protect them from pests, and make it easier to manage watering and nutrient supply.

2. Which medium is used for filling pro-trays?

Ans: A soilless growing medium, typically made by mixing ingredients like coco peat, vermiculite, perlite, and sometimes neem cake, is used for filling pro-trays. This mixture provides proper aeration and moisture retention for seedling growth.

3. What is the significance of vermiculite used in the planting of a crop in pro-trays?

Ans: Vermiculite is preferred in pro-trays because it provides better aeration to the roots and does not support the growth of algae. This creates a healthy environment for seed germination and seedling development. The trays are covered with a polythene sheet until germination starts. The pro-trays are placed separately on raised beds under a shade net. They are watered daily with a rose can and drenched with a foliar spray containing Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium (N, P, and K) in the ratio of 19:19:19 at the rate of 0.5% (5 g/L) 18 days after sowing.

4. Write down the procedure of sowing seeds in pro-trays.

Ans: Procedure of Sowing Seeds in Pro-trays:

(i) Sowing in pro-trays is shallower than in seed beds: Each plug is filled with coco peat. Using your fingertips or a mechanical dibbler, make a small depression of about 0.5 cm in each plug and place one seed in it. Then, cover the seed lightly with coco peat.

(ii) One seed should be sown per cell: Before sowing the seeds, they should be treated with recommended biofertilizers, biopesticides, insecticides or fungicides to avoid pests and diseases. The recommended order for the treatment of these chemicals are: insecticides-fungicides-biofertilizers.

5. What are advantages and disadvantages of planting seeds in pro-trays?

Ans: The advantages and disadvantages of planting seeds in pro-trays are as follows:

Advantages:

(a) More efficient use of expensive hybrid seeds.

(b) Individual seeds can be sown in each plug, which minimises the spread of diseases. 

(c) Sterilised coco peat is used as the rooting medium, which reduces chances of soil-borne infections. 

(d) Water holding capacity of coco peat is more so seeds in pro-trays require less watering. 

(e) Transplanting shock is minimised. 

(f) Seedlings can be uprooted easily for transplanting without any damage to the root system.

Disadvantages: 

(a) It requires skilled labour. 

(b) It requires special care and maintenance. 

(c) Pro-trays are costly and difficult to dispose of. 

(d) The use of pro-trays increases plastic waste in an agricultural farm.

(e) Pro-trays require coco peat as a growing medium, which is costly. 

(f) The cost of seedling production is high, which increases the overall cost of production.

6. Write the criteria for the selection of pro-trays.

Ans: Criteria for the Selection of Pro-trays:

The most common pro-trays used for vegetable transplants have 50, 72, 98, 128 or 200 cells per tray. The cells in these pro-trays are round or square in shape and are close to each other. However, they are equally spaced in order to maximise the number of plants in a tray. For larger crops, like pumpkin, bitter gourd, etc., there are pro-trays having 36 or 24 cells of larger size. The bigger size of cells allows larger root balls.  

The size of a cell influences the field performance of the transplant. When bigger cells are used, the plant has more space to grow and it results in the early maturity of crops. Dark coloured trays absorb more heat and tend to produce faster growth than light coloured ones. A deep celled tray has a larger cell volume, which helps retain more water and fertilisers to promote rapid growth.

7. Write about pro-tray nursery technique for solanaceous vegetables under protected cultivation.

Ans: The growing medium is prepared by mixing 5 kg neem cake, 100 kg vermiculite or perlite, and 300 kg sterilised coco peat. Approximately 1.2 kg of growing medium is required to fill one pro-tray. About 238 pro-trays (with 98 cells per tray) are needed for the production of 23,334 seedlings, which is sufficient for planting one hectare of land.

The trays filled with the medium are compressed or ‘dibbled’ to create a uniform surface for sowing. The medium should be compressed to a depth of 1/4 to 3/8 inch. One treated seed is sown in each cell of the pro-tray. After sowing, the trays are covered with medium-grade vermiculite. Vermiculite is preferred for its good aeration properties and because it does not support the growth of algae.

The trays are then covered with a polythene sheet until germination begins. Once germination starts, the trays are placed separately on raised beds under a shade net. They are watered daily using a rose can and drenched with a foliar spray containing Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium (N, P, and K) in the ratio of 19:19:19 at a concentration of 0.5% (5 g/L), 18 days after sowing.

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