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NCERT Class 12 Fine Art Chapter 8 The Living Art Traditions of India
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The Living Art Traditions of India
Chapter: 8
| SHORT QUESTION ANSWER |
1. What is Kathak?
Ans: Kathak is a classical dance form originating from northern India.
2. Which Indian state is famous for Kathakali?
Ans: Kerala.
3. What is the significance of Bharatanatyam?
Ans: Bharatanatyam is a classical dance form known for its intricate footwork and expressive gestures.
4. Who is known as the father of Indian cinema?
Ans: Dadasaheb Phalke.
5. What are Tanjore paintings known for?
Ans: Tanjore paintings are known for their rich colours, compact composition, and surface richness.
6. Which region is known for Pattachitra paintings?
Ans: Odisha and West Bengal.
7. What is Madhubani art famous for?
Ans: Madhubani art is known for its intricate patterns and vibrant colours, often depicting mythological themes.
8. Who popularised the art of miniature painting in India?
Ans: The Mughal emperors.
9. What is Warli art associated with?
Ans: Warli art is associated with the Warli tribe of Maharashtra, known for its simple tribal art forms.
10. Which dance form is associated with Lord Krishna?
Ans: Odissi.
11. Which musical instrument is synonymous with Hindustani classical music?
Ans: Sitar.
12. Who is considered the father of modern Indian sculpture?
Ans: Ramkinkar Baij.
13. Which state is known for Kuchipudi dance?
Ansr: Andhra Pradesh.
14. What is the significance of Rangoli in Indian culture?
Ans: Rangoli is a traditional art form used to decorate homes and public spaces during festivals and auspicious occasions.
15. Who is known for pioneering modern Indian art?
Ans: Raja Ravi Varma.
16. Which Indian city is famous for its traditional silk sarees?
Ans: Varanasi.
17. What is the importance of the Ajanta and Ellora caves?
Ans: They showcase ancient Indian art and architecture, including Buddhist cave paintings and sculptures.
18. Which dance form is known for its vigorous footwork and narrative expressions?
Ans: Manipuri dance.
19. Who was the founder of the Bengal School of Art?
Ans: Abanindranath Tagore.
20. What is the traditional puppetry form of Rajasthan called?
Ans: Kathputli.
| LONG QUESTION ANSWER |
1. Discuss the evolution of Bharatanatyam and its cultural significance in India’s classical dance landscape, highlighting its distinctive features and regional variations.
Ans: Bharatanatyam, one of India’s oldest and most revered classical dance forms, has a rich history that traces back over 2,000 years. Originating in the temples of Tamil Nadu, it was initially performed by Devadasis, or temple dancers, as a form of devotion and worship. Over time, Bharatanatyam evolved from its religious roots into a more structured and codified art form, particularly during the colonial period when it underwent significant reform and revival. The distinctive features of Bharatanatyam include its precise and dynamic footwork, expressive hand gestures (mudras), and intricate facial expressions (abhinaya), all of which are used to convey stories and emotions. The dance is typically accompanied by Carnatic music, enhancing its rhythmic and melodic elements. Bharatanatyam also showcases a unique costume characterised by vibrant colours, intricate jewellery, and a pleated fan-like garment that accentuates the dancer’s movements. Regionally, variations can be seen in styles such as the Kalakshetra school, which emphasises geometric precision and clarity, and the Melattur style, known for its emphasis on abhinaya. Bharatanatyam’s cultural significance lies in its ability to blend spirituality, storytelling, and artistic expression, making it a vital part of India’s classical dance landscape and a cherished symbol of the country’s rich cultural heritage.
2. Explore the impact of Mughal patronage on the development of miniature painting in India, considering its stylistic evolution, thematic content, and enduring influence on contemporary Indian art.
Ans: Mughal patronage played a pivotal role in the development of miniature painting in India, significantly influencing its stylistic evolution, thematic content, and lasting impact on contemporary Indian art. The Mughal emperors, particularly Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan, were great connoisseurs of art and actively encouraged the fusion of Persian, Indian, and European artistic traditions. This patronage led to the emergence of a distinct Mughal style characterised by its intricate detail, refined brushwork, and vibrant use of colour. Stylistically, Mughal miniature paintings evolved to depict naturalistic and realistic portrayals of subjects, a departure from the more stylized and symbolic representations of earlier Indian art forms. The painters employed delicate shading techniques, meticulous attention to detail, and sophisticated compositional layouts. Portraits of royalty, court scenes, hunting expeditions, and illustrations of literary works became prevalent themes, reflecting the opulence and grandeur of the Mughal court.
Thematic content under Mughal influence expanded to include a rich tapestry of scenes from daily life, flora and fauna, and historical narratives, often with a heightened sense of realism and emotional depth. The Mughal miniatures also incorporated elements of Persian poetic traditions, blending them seamlessly with Indian aesthetics to create a unique visual language. The enduring influence of Mughal miniature painting is evident in contemporary Indian art, where artists continue to draw inspiration from its techniques and motifs. The meticulous craftsmanship and attention to detail inherent in Mughal miniatures have inspired modern artists to explore new mediums and contexts while preserving the essence of this historical art form. Today, the legacy of Mughal miniature painting can be seen in the works of contemporary Indian painters who reinterpret traditional themes with a modern sensibility, ensuring that this rich artistic heritage remains vibrant and relevant.
