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NCERT Class 12 Fine Art Chapter 5 The Pahari Schools of Painting
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The Pahari Schools of Painting
Chapter: 5
| SHORT QUESTION ANSWER |
1. What are the Pahari Schools of Painting?
Ans: The Pahari Schools of Painting refer to a group of artistic styles that flourished in the hilly regions of North India, primarily in Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, and Uttarakhand.
2. When did the Pahari Schools of Painting emerge?
Ans: They emerged around the 17th century and reached their peak in the 18th century under the patronage of various Rajput rulers and local princes.
3. What are the main themes of Pahari painting?
Ans: The main themes include depictions of Hindu mythology, love stories like those of Radha-Krishna, scenes from daily life, and portraits of rulers and nobility.
4. What distinguishes Pahari painting from other Indian painting traditions?
Ans: Pahari painting is known for its delicate brushwork, lyrical compositions, vibrant colours, and lyrical portrayal of emotions, setting it apart from other contemporary styles like Mughal painting.
5. Who were some prominent artists of the Pahari Schools?
Ans: Some notable artists include Nainsukh, Manaku, Nand Lal, and Faqirullah. These artists contributed significantly to the development and refinement of Pahari painting styles.
| EXERCISE |
1. Representation of nature in Pahari miniature paintings is found everywhere. According to you, what could be the reasons for this?
Ans: The representation of nature in Pahari miniature paintings is indeed a prominent feature, and there are several reasons are mentioned below:
(i) Cultural Significance: Nature holds deep cultural and spiritual significance in Indian traditions, influencing various art forms. Pahari painters often depicted natural scenes to evoke emotions, narratives, or metaphors tied to religious or literary themes.
(ii) Aesthetic Appeal: The lush landscapes, flora, and fauna of the Himalayan region, where Pahari paintings originated, provided artists with rich visual inspiration. They captured these elements to enhance the beauty and charm of their artworks.
(iii) Symbolism and Allegory: Nature in Pahari paintings often served symbolic purposes. For example, different flowers, plants, and animals could symbolise emotions, virtues, seasons, or aspects of human life, enriching the narrative depth of the artwork.
(iv) Contextual Settings: Many Pahari paintings depicted courtly or romantic scenes, where natural settings acted as backdrops or symbolic environments reflecting the mood or context of the depicted story.
(v) Connection to Bhakti and Sufi Traditions: Pahari paintings often illustrated themes from Bhakti and Sufi poetry, where nature was used metaphorically to express spiritual or divine love, adding layers of meaning to the artworks.
2. What are the major schools of Pahari miniature paintings and list their places of expansion. How were they different from each other? Mark all schools of Himalayan (Pahari) paintings on a map.
Ans: Unveiling the Jewels of Pahari Art: A Map and More.
Major Schools:
(i) Basohli (Chamba Hills): Bold, vibrant colors, stylized figures, emphasis on Rasamanjari themes.
(ii) Guler (Kangra Hills): Delicate figures, lyrical beauty, focus on Krishna Leela and Rasikpriya themes.
(iii) Kangra (Kangra Hills): Most refined style, rich narratives, mythological and courtly scenes.
(iv) Chamba (Chamba Valley): Expressive figures, dramatic compositions, influenced by Pahari and Rajput styles.
(v) Mandi (Mandi Hills): Sensitive portrayal of landscapes, focus on love stories and pastoral scenes.
(vi) Bilaspur (Bilaspur Hills): Elegant figures, emphasis on portraits and courtly life.
Additional Schools:
(i) Garhwal (Uttarakhand).
(ii) Kullu (Kullu Valley).
(iii) Jammu (Jammu Region).
(iv) Hindur (Nalagarh Hills).
Map:
Imagine a map of the Western Himalayas, dotted with vibrant symbols marking each school:
(i) Basohli (flaming lotus).
(ii) Guler (delicate lute).
(iii) Kangra (majestic crown).
(iv) Chamba (bold warrior).
(v) Mandi (peaceful shepherd).
(vi) Bilaspur (elegant peacock).
(vii) Garhwal (misty mountain).
(viii) Kullu (spinning wheel).
(ix) Jammu (golden sword).
(x) Hindur (stylized flower).
Differences:
Each school developed its own unique style, color palette, and thematic preferences, influenced by local traditions and rulers’ patronage. While Guler focused on lyrical beauty and Chamba embraced dramatic narratives, Kangra achieved a harmonious blend of refinement and storytelling.
3. Select a poem or a story and illustrate in it any style of Pahari miniature painting.
Ans: To illustrate a poem or story in the style of Pahari miniature painting, one could select a narrative that resonates with the art form’s themes of nature, love, or spiritual devotion. For instance, taking Rabindranath Tagore’s poem “The Gardener,” which explores themes of love and longing, would be fitting. In this approach, the painting would feature delicate figures adorned in intricate attire, set against lush, natural landscapes. The figures would be characterised by their elongated forms, almond-shaped eyes, and serene expressions, typical of Pahari art. The use of vibrant mineral and vegetable-derived colours, such as greens, reds, and blues, would enhance the emotional depth of the poem. Detailed ornamentation in clothing and background elements, like floral motifs and architectural details, would further enrich the visual narrative, capturing both the lyrical essence of Tagore’s poetry and the artistic finesse of Pahari miniature painting.
4. Prepare small critiques on works of the following.
(a) Nainsukh.
(b) Basohali paintings.
(c) Ashta Nayikas.
(d) Kangra kalam.
Ans: (a) Nainsukh.
