NCERT Class 11 Psychology Chapter 6 Human Memory

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NCERT Class 11 Psychology Chapter 6 Human Memory

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Human Memory

Chapter: 6

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. What is the meaning of the terms ‘encoding’, ‘storage’ and ‘retrieval’?

Ans: Encoding: Encoding refers to the initial experience of perceiving and learning information. Psychologists often study recall by having participants study a list of pictures or words. Encoding in these situations is fairly straightforward. However, “real life” encoding is much more challenging. It is the first step in memory formation, where information is translated into a mental representation that can be retained and later retrieved.

Storage: Storage in the context of memory refers to the process of retaining or maintaining information over time in the brain for later use. It involves encoding information and then storing it in either short-term or long-term memory. Storage is one of three fundamental stages along with encoding and retrieval. Memory is the process of storing and recalling information that was previously acquired. Storing refers to the process of placing newly acquired information into memory, which is modified in the brain for easier storage.

Retrieval: Retrieval is the process of recovering stored information by accessing the memory trace through an effective retrieval cue. It involves recalling or recognizing previously learned material, such as facts, experiences, or skills, when needed. Retrieval can be triggered by cues or prompted by specific tasks.

2. How is information processed through sensory, short-term and long-term memory systems?

Ans: Information processing begins in sensory memory, moves to short-term memory, and eventually moves to long-term memory. Maintenance rehearsal and chunking are used to keep information in short-term memory. The capacity of long-term memory is large, and there is no known limit to what we can remember.

3. How are maintenance rehearsals different from elaborative rehearsals?

Ans: Maintenance rehearsal represents a shallow processing level, as it lacks meaningful connections and only keeps information for a short period. It helps retain information temporarily but does not aid long-term storage. In contrast, elaborative rehearsal is more elaborate and involves additional memory aids like mnemonic devices. Elaborative rehearsal involves linking new information to existing knowledge, creating associations that enhance long-term retention. While maintenance rehearsal helps in temporary recall, elaborative rehearsal improves understanding and long-term memory storage.

4. Differentiate between declarative and procedural memories?

Ans: Following are the Differentiate between declarative and procedural memory:

Feature	Declarative Memory	Procedural Memory
Meaning	Declarative memory, also referred to as explicit memory, is the memory of facts, data, and events.	Procedural memory, also called implicit memory, is a type of long-term memory involved in the performance of different actions and skills.
Types	The two types of declarative memory are semantic memory and episodic memory.	Procedural memory has two main types: Motor skills memory and Cognitive skills memory. Both involve unconscious learning through repetition and practice.
Brain Region	Involves the hippocampus and cerebral cortex.	Involves the cerebellum and basal ganglia.

5. Why does forgetting take place?

Ans: Forgetting takes place due to psychological, neurochemical, or physiological changes. One reason is decay theory, which suggests that memory fades over time if not reinforced. Another cause is interference, where new or old information disrupts recall. Retrieval failure happens when stored memories become inaccessible due to lack of cues. Decay theory of forgetting states that memory traces may begin to fade and disappear over time.

6. How is retrieval related forgetting different from forgetting due to interference?

Ans: Retrieval-related forgetting: Retrieval-related forgetting occurs when stored information becomes temporarily inaccessible due to the absence of appropriate cues. Retrieval related forgetting takes place when the contents of memory become inaccessible either due to absence or inappropriateness of retrieval cues during the time of recall. 

Forgetting due to interference: It is different from forgetting due to interference as interference suggests interruption between the associations of information that are contained in memory in order to compete with each other for retrieval. proactive interference occurs when old information disrupts new learning, while retroactive interference happens when new information overwrites old memories. For example, forgetting an old password after setting a new one.

7. Define mnemonics? Suggest a plan to improve your own memory?

Ans: Mnemonics is the name for learning techniques that help your memory make associations between information. We have learned to use memory devices since early childhood. In order to improve memory, two easy methods can be used based on the kind of material to be learnt. It might be necessary to hold information for a few seconds.

To improve memory, start by practicing spaced repetition to review information at increasing intervals. Incorporate active learning, like summarizing or teaching others. Engage in mental exercises, such as puzzles, and maintain a healthy lifestyle with adequate sleep, balanced diet, and regular physical activity to boost brain function.