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Class 12 Economics Chapter 14 Infrastructure
Also, you can read the NCERT book Notes Class 12 Economics Chapter 14 Infrastructure online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per SCERT Class 12 Economics Chapter 14 Infrastructure (CBSE) Book guidelines. These solutions are part of AHSEC All Subject Solutions. Here we have given Assam Board Class 12 Economics Chapter 14 Infrastructure Solutions for All Subjects, You can practice these here in Class 12 Economics Chapter 14 Infrastructure.
Infrastructure
Chapter: 14
PART – B
VERY SHORT TYPE QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1. Define energy.
Ans : It is an essential input to provide power for the development of the economy.
2. What are the two major source of energy?
Ans : The two major source of energy are :
(a) Conventional Source
(b) Non-conventional source
3. Define commercial source of energy.
Ans : These are the sources of energy which command a price.
4. Name the major sources of commercial energy.
Ans : Coal, Gas, Oil, Water, radioactive elements etc.
5. Define rural electrification.
Ans : The supply of electricity to villages for their development is known as rural electrification.
6. Define Bio-energy.
Ans : Energy generating from dung, agricultural wastes and other biological materials is known as bio-energy.
7. Name some health infrastructure?
Ans : Hospitals, Dispensaries, PHCs (Public Health Centers), Sub-centres, CHCs (Community Health Centres)
8. What is health infrastructure?
Ans : Development of health infrastructure ensures a country of healthy manpower for production of goods and services.
9. Define Health.
Ans : Health is a yardstick of human well-being, physical as well as mental.
B. SHORT & LONG TYPE QUESTION AND ANSWERS:
1. Write the role of infrastructure in economic development.
Ans : The role of infrastructure in economic development are :
(a) Higher economic growth rate.
(b) Increase in productivity
(c) Increase in the efficiency of labour
(d) Extension of the market.
(e) Optimum use of resources.
2. Write about different types of infrastructure.
Ans : There are two main types of infrastructure –
(a) Economic infrastructure: It includes energy, transport and communication.
(b) Social infrastructure: It includes education, health, housing and other civic amenities.
3. What is social over head cost?
Ans : Expenditures incurred on both the categories of infrastructure – economic and social are known as social over head costs.
4. What are the main problems of electricity in India?
Ans : The main problem of electricity in India are :
(a) Power Shortage
(b) Transmission and distribution losses.
(c) Location of power generation plants are unevenly distributed.
(d) Losses to Electricity Boards
(e) Problems of rural electrification
5. What are the main sources of energy?
Ans : The main sources of energy are :
(a) Conventional sources.
(b) Non-Conventional sources.
(c) Commercial sources.
(d) Non-commercial sources, like – firewood, dung etc.
6. What are the main characteristics of health of the people of our country?
Ans : The main characteristic of health of the people of our country are :
(a) Less conscious about health care.
(b) Poor state of health infrastructure.
(c) Women’s health in India always remains as a matter of great concern.
(d) Gap between rural urban areas and between poor and rich in utilishing health care facilities.
7. Discuss the main drawbacks of our health care system.
Ans : The main drawbacks of our health care system are :
(a) Shortage of proper health infrastructure.
(b) Not-adequate public health facilities.
(c) Private health facilities are too costly.
(d) Lack of proper knowledge and information about health, diseases etc.
(e) NGOs and community participation are very low.
8. How ha women’s health become a matter of great concern?
Ans : Women’s health across the country has become a matter of great concern with reports of increasing cases of female foeticide and mortality. They also suffer many disadvantages as compared to men in the areas of education, participation in economic activities and health care. More than 50% of married women between the age group of 15 and 49 have anaemia and nutritional anaemia caused by non deficiency, which has contributed to 19% of material death. Abortions are also a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in India.
9. Differentiate the six systems of Indians medicine.
Ans : Indian systems of medicine includes six systems- Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Naturopathy and Homeopathy (AYUSH). At present there are 3,0004 ISM hospitals, 23,028 dispensaries and as many as 6,11,431 registered practitioners in India. But little has been done to set up a framework to standardise education or to promote research. ISM has huge potential and can solve a large part of our health care problems because they are effective, safe and inexpensive.
10. What is state of rural infrastructure in India?
Ans : Rural sector is backward in India. Here, the basic infrastructural facilities like roads, educational institutions, hospitals and communications are rare. So, the standard of living of the rural people is very low. In the present scenario, Indian government is making efforts the developed basic infrastructure in rural areas.
11. Explain the term ‘infrastructure’.
Ans : It refers to the basic services which accelerate various productive and socio-economic activities in a country. In it transport, banking, irrigation facilities, hospitals, educational inititude, power etc. are included.
12. Explain the two categories into which infrastructure is divided. How are both interdependent?
Ans : There are two main types of infrastructure –
(a) Economic infrastructure: It includes energy, Transport and communication.
(b) Social infrastructure: It includes education, health, housing and other civic amenities.
Economic and social infrastructure both promotes economic development. So, both are interdependent to each other.
13. How do infrastructure facilities boost production?
Ans : Infrastructure is the support system on which depends the efficient working of a modern industrial economy. Modern agriculture also largely depends on it for speedy and large-scale transport of seeds, pesticides, fertilisers and the produce using modern roadways, railways and shipping facilities. In recent times, agriculture also depends on insurance and banking facilities because of its need to operate on a very large scale.
Infrastructure contributes to economic development of a country both by increasing the productivity of the factors of production and improving the quality of life of its people.
14. Infrastructure contributes to the economic development of a country. Do you agree? Explain.
Ans : Infrastructure contributes to the economic development of a country because of the following reason :
(a) Higher economic growth rate.
(b) Increase in productivity
(c) Increase in the efficiency of labour.
(d) Extension of the market.
(e) Optimum use of resources.
15. What is state of rural infrastructure in India?
Ans : Rural sector is backward in India. Here, the basic infrastructural facilities like roads, educational institutions, hospitals and communications are rare. So, the standard of living of the rural people is very low. In the present scenario, Indian government is making efforts the developed basic infrastructure in rural area.
16. What is the significance of energy? Differentiate between commercial and non-commercial sources of energy?
Ans : Energy is an essential input for economic development and for improving quality of life. It is the life-blood of modern agriculture, industry and transport of the country. The rate of consumption of power in an economy is considered to be an index of economic development.
Commercial Source: Those sources of energy which command a price and users have to pay a price for them. The users may be agriculture, industry and transport of the country. The rate of consumption of power in a economy is considered to be an index of economic development.
Non-Commercial Sources: They mainly consist of firewood, animal dung, vegetable wastes etc. These are called non-commercial sources because users do not pay any price for their use.
17. What are the three basic sources of generating power?
Ans : There are three basic sources of electricity generating plants in the country:
(a) Thermal Power: It produces electricity through coal and oil. It has been a major source of electric power. The operational efficiency of plant load factor of thermal plants is 77%. These plants are controlled by NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation) throughout the country.
(b) Hydro-Electric Power: It is produced from water on a large scale, through multipurpose river projects by constructing big dams over fast flowing rivers. Hydel power projects with adequate storage capacity, provide peak time support to the power system. Central govt. controls it through NHPC (National Hydro-electric Power Corporation). It is the most cleans source of producing energy.
(c) Nuclear Power: It produces electricity by using atomic energy. India has set up first nuclear power station at Tarapur near Mumbai. Later on, power nations are set up at Kota (Rajasthan), Kalpakkam (Chennai) and at Narora (Uttar Pradesh)
18. What do you mean by transmission and distribution losses? How an they be reduced?
Ans : Electricity in India is generated by public and private investors. But most of transmission and distribution is done through public agencies and state boards resulting into national loss of power.
They can be reduced by transmitted over long distances at a modest cost.
19. What are the various non-commercial sources of energy?
Ans : Energy is an essential input for economic development and for improving quality of life. It is the life-blood of modern agriculture, industry and transport of the country. The rate of consumption of power in an economy is considered to be an index of economic development.
Commercial Source: Those sources of energy which command a price and the users have to pay a price for them. The user may be agriculture, industry and transport of the country. The rate of consumption of power in a economy is considered to be an index of economic development.
Non-Commercial Source: They mainly consist of firewood, animal dung, vegetable wastes etc. These are called non-commercial sources because users do not pay any price of their use.
20. What is a ‘global burden of disease’?
Ans : Golden Burden of Disease (GBD) is an indicator used by experts to gauge the number of people dying prematurely due to a particular disease as well as the number of years spent by them in a state of ‘disability’ owing to the disease.
In India, more than half of GBD is accounted for by communicable diseases such as diarrhoea, malaria and tuberculosis. One study points out that India has about 17% of the world’s population but it bears a frightening 20% of the global burden of diseases.
21. What problems are being faced by the power sector in India?
Ans : The problems are being faced by the power sector in India are :
(a) Power Shortage
(b) Transmission and distribution losses.
(c) Location of power generation plants are unevenly distributed.
(d) Losses to Electricity Boards.
(e) Problems of rural electrification.
22. Discuss the main drawbacks of our health care system.
Ans : The main drawbacks of our health care system are :
(a) Shortage of proper health infrastructure.
(b) Not-adequate public health facilities.
(c) Private health facilities are too costly.
(d) Lack of proper knowledge and information about health, diseases etc.
(e) NGOs and community participation are very low.
23. Differentiate the six systems of Indian medicine.
Ans : Indian systems of medicine includes six systems – (i) Ayurveda, (ii) Yoga (iii) Unani, (iv) Siddha, (v) Naturopathy and (vi) Homeopathy (AYUSH). At present there are 3,0004 ISM hospitals, 23,028 dispensaries and as many as 6,11,431 registered practitioners in India. But little has been done to set up a framework to standardise education or to promote research. ISM has huge potential and can solve a large part of our health care problems because they are effective, safe and inexpensive.
24. How has women’s health become a matter of great concern?
Ans : Women’s health across the country has become a matter of great concern with reports of increasing cases of female foeticide and mortality. They also suffer many disadvantages as compared to men in the areas of education, participation in economic activities and health care. More than 50% of married women between the age group of 15 and 49 have anaemia and nutritional anaemia caused by non deficiency, which has contributed to 19% of maternal deaths. Abortions are also a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in India.
25. How has the consumption pattern of energy changed over the years?
Ans : At present, commercial energy consumption makes up about 65% of the total energy consumed in India. This includes coal with the largest share of 55%, followed by oil at 31%, natural gas at 11% and hydro energy at 3%. Non-commercial energy sources consisting of firewood, cow dung and agricultural wastes account for over 30% of the total energy consumption.
The transport sector was the largest consumer of commercial energy in 1953-54. However, there has been continuous fall in the share of the transport sector while the share of the industrial sector has been increasing. The share of oil and gas is highest among all commercial energy consumption. With rapid rate of economic growth, there has been a corresponding increase in the use of energy.
26. Justify that energy crisis can be overcome with the use of renewable sources of energy?
Ans : Commercial sources of energy are generally exhaustible (with the exception of hydro power), but non-commercial sources are generally renewable. More than 60% of Indian households depends on traditional sources of energy for meeting their regular cooking and heating needs. Thus, the energy crisis can be reduced with the application of renewable sources of energy, like firewoods, animal dung, vegetable waste etc.
27. How can we increase the effectiveness of health care programme?
Ans : The effectiveness of health care programme are :
(a) By more public investment in health sector.
(b) Better research and development efforts.
(c) Technological innovation.
(d) Exploration of ancient medicines and health care system.
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