Class 11 Telecom Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Optical Fiber Technology

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Class 11 Telecom Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Optical Fiber Technology

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Fundamentals of Optical Fiber Technology

Chapter: 1

SESSION 1: BASICS OF OPTICAL FIBER

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A. Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which of the following is the innermost layer in optical fiber?

(a) Cladding.

(b) Jacket.

(d) Core.

Ans: (d) Core.

2. Aramid yarn is used in which of the following layers?

(a) Buffer.

(b) Strength material.

(d) Cladding.

Ans: (b) Strength material.

3. Which of the following cables have both optical fiber and metal conductor for transmission of light and electrical signal?

(a) Armoured cable.

(b) Ribbon cable.

(d) Messenger cable.

Ans: (c) Composite cable.

4. In which cable optical fibers are arranged side by side in one row?

(a) Ribbon cable.

(b) Composite cable.

(d) Armoured cable.

Ans: (a) Ribbon cable.

5. Strength member is also known as __________.

(a) Polyester elastomer.

(b) Kevlar.

(d) Polyethylene.

Ans: (b) Kevlar.

6. The component in the optical fiber communication system that converts light energy into electrical energy is the _____________.

(a) Transmitter.

(b) Receiver.

(d) Coupler.

Ans: (b) Receiver.

7. What was one of the earliest advantages that light held over other forms of communication?

(a) Ability to communicate complex ideas.

(b) Ability to carry messages quickly.

(d) Ability to carry coded messages.

Ans: (b) Ability to carry messages quickly.

8. Optical optics fiber will play a critical role in realizing the dream of _____________ India.

(a) Analog India.

(b) Digital India.

(d) Traditional India.

Ans: (b) Digital India.

9. Which of the following is not the element of communication?

(a) Sender.

(b) Receiver.

(d) Node.

Ans: (d) Node.

10. Which of the following is the diameter of single mode optical fiber?

(a) 8.5–9 µm.

(b) 9–10 µm.

(d) 10–11 µm.

Ans: (a) 8.5–9 µm.

B. Fill in the blanks

1. Signal is ___________ representation of data.

Ans: Electrical.

2. Alexander Graham Bell invented a device called ___________.

Ans: Telephone.

3. Optical fibers are simple threads like ___________.

Ans: Glass.

4. LASER or LED is the ___________ for optical fiber transmission.

Ans: Light source.

5. Receiver stage consists of ___________, ___________ and ___________.

Ans: Photodetector, amplifier and demodulator.

6. The basic structure of an optical fiber consists of four parts, ___________, ___________ ___________ and ___________.

Ans: Core, cladding, strength member and jacket.

7. In single mode operation the diameter of cladding is ___________.

Ans: 125 µm.

8. In multi-mode mode operation the diameter of cladding is ___________.

Ans: 125 µm.

9. Optical fiber cable transmits encoded ___________ signal.

Ans: Light.

10. Core is made up of ___________.

Ans: Glass.

C. True or False:

1. Noise is the desired signal.

Ans: False.

2. A photon is a discrete quantity of light energy.

Ans: True.

3. Glass is opaque material.

Ans: False.

4. Light is confined in the core of an optical fiber cable.

Ans: True.

5. The fiber optic cable is a small and compact cable, and it is highly susceptible to cuts or damages during installation or construction activities.

Ans: True.

6. Data rate is much lower in a fiber hence more information can be carried fiber than copper cables.

Ans: False.

7. Fiber optic cables cannot be used in the fields of medicine and research.

Ans: False.

8. Radiation may either be “electromagnetic,” which is usually considered to travel in the form of waves, or “particles”.

Ans: True.

9. Non-wired media means communication is established without material as a medium.

Ans: True.

10. LASER or LED is the light source for optical fiber transmission.

Ans: True.

D. Short Answer Question.

1. List down the features of optical fiber cables.

Ans: The features of optical fiber cables are as under:

(i) Small in size and lighter weight.

(ii) Greater bandwidth.

(iii) High data rate.

(iv) Less attenuation.

(v) Ruggedness and flexibility.

(vi) Less electromagnetic interference.

(vii) Metal free.

(viii) Electrical isolation.

2. How does the optical fiber communication system work?

Ans: In optical fiber communication, major elements are transmitter, receiver and optical fiber as a propagation medium as shown in Figure 1.22. The transmitter stage consists of drive circuitry and light source such as Light Emitting Diode or LASER. The receiver stage consists of a photo-detector such as photo-diode or PIN Diode, an amplifier and a signal restorer. Now, we will discuss in detail the stages of the optical fiber communication system.

(i) Transmitter: The transmitter transmits optical signal to the fiber cable. A

The transmitter consists of an interface circuit, a driver circuit and an optical source.

(ii) Interface circuit: It makes an interface between the input and transmitter circuitry.

(iii) Driver circuit: It processes the input electrical signal, which contains information and feeds to the light source.

(iv) Optical source: It produces the light signal for the optical fiber. It can be LED or LASER.

(v) Transmission Channel: It consists of an optical fiber cable, between transmitter and receiver. This transmission channel transmits optical signals from one end to another.

(vi) Receiver: Optical signal is used as input to the optical receiver. Receiver stage

consist of a photo detector, signal amplifier and signal restorer.

(vi) Photo-detector: It converts optical signal into electrical signal.

(vii) Signal amplifier: It is used to improve signal quality by removing the noise to achieve better quality of the signal.

(viii) Signal restorer: It converts amplified signals for restoring.

3. Why is communication necessary? What is the importance of communication?

Ans: Communication is the process of transferring data or information from one end to another end. Communication must include three basic elements i.e. Transmitter, Receiver and Medium.

In this digital era, we are living in a fast growing world. Today technology is upgrading day by day. One of the developing sectors is the telecom sector on which the whole communication system depends. Telecom sector includes mobile communication, satellite communication, TV and broadcasting, Optical fiber communication, cellular communication. Advanced technologies boosting the data transfer capacity of the network. With the invention of a high data transfer medium one can see the match, which is played in different parts of the world. This live streaming is possible because of the high data transfer capability of the medium. Innovation in carrying the data at high speed is greatly benefiting the telecommunication industry. Optical fiber is the fastest way to transfer the data. This is possible as data is transferred in the form of light and we know that speed of light is the fastest possible speed on the global scale.

4. Name the elements of optical fiber communication.

Ans: In optical fiber communication, major elements are transmitter, receiver and optical fiber as a propagation medium.

5. How optical fibers are used in medical treatment?

Ans: Optical fiber cables are widely used in the fields of medicine and research. Optical communication is an important part of surgical methods, popularly known as endoscopy.

6. Write features of each element used in optical fiber communication in one sentence.

Ans: (i) Transmitter: The transmitter transmits optical signal to the fiber cable.

(ii) Interface circuit: It makes an interface between the input and transmitter circuitry.

(iii) Driver circuit: It processes the input electrical signal, which contains information and feeds to the light source.

(iv) Optical source: It produces the light signal for the optical fiber.

(v) Transmission Channel: This transmission channel transmits optical signal from one end to another.

(vi) Optical Splitter: Optical fiber splitter directs the beam of light from main fiber to two or more fibers.

(vii) Optical Connector: It is for temporary joints between two individual optical fibers that are broken or to be joined for communication.

(viii) Optical Splice: It is used to permanently join optical fibers which are broken.

(ix) Receiver: Optical signal is used as input to the optical receiver.

(x) Photo-detector (in Receiver): It converts optical signal into electrical signal.

(xi) Signal amplifier (in Receiver): It is used to improve signal quality by removing the noise to achieve better quality of the signal.

(xii) Signal restorer (in Receiver): It converts amplified signals for restoring.

SESSION 2: LIGHT PROPAGATION

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SESSION 3: LIGHT SOURCE AND DETECTOR

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