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Class 11 Electronics Chapter 2 Electrical and Electronic Components
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Electrical and Electronic Components
Chapter: 2
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A. Multiple choice questions:
1. A diode __________________________________.
(a) Is the simplest of semiconductor devices.
(b) Has characteristics that closely match those of a simple switch.
(c) Is a two-terminal device.
(d) All of the above.
Ans: (d) All of the above.
2. Which of the following is a semiconductor material?
(a) Silicon.
(b) Germanium.
(c) Both (a) and B.
(d) None of the above.
Ans: (c) Both (a) and B.
3. An LED emits light when it is connected in ___________.
(a) Forward biased.
(b) Reverse biased.
(c) Unbiased.
(d) None of the above.
Ans: (a) Forward biased.
4. Which of the following is a two-terminal semiconductor device?
(a) Diode.
(b) Triode.
(c) Transistor.
(d) Integrated Circuit.
Ans: (a) Diode.
5. Resistance of variable resistors can be changed, and hence, they are called _______________.
(a) Rheostat.
(b) Fixed resistor.
(c) Variable resistor.
(d) None of the above.
Ans: (c) Variable resistor.
6. ______________ consists of a coil or wire loop.
(a) Inductor.
(b) Capacitor.
(c) Resistor.
(d) Diode.
Ans: (a) Inductor.
7. A three-terminal semiconductor device is ______________.
(a) Diode.
(b) Transistor.
(c) IC.
(d) All of the above.
Ans: (b) Transistor.
8. Different colours emitted by an LED is because of ___________________.
(a) Applied voltage.
(b) Forward or reverse bias.
(c) Different compound formation.
(d) Power supply.
Ans: (c) Different compound formation.
9. An LED requires ______________ supply.
(a) AC.
(b) DC.
(c) AC or DC.
(d) Non-linear supply.
Ans: (b) DC.
10. Transformer is used to ________________.
(a) Step up the voltage.
(b) Step down the voltage.
(c) Both (a) and (b).
(d) Non-linear supply.
Ans: (c) Both (a) and (b).
11. A transformer works on _____________________.
(a) AC.
(b) DC.
(c) Both AC and DC.
(d) None of the above.
Ans: (a) AC.
12. A transistor has _____________ layers and ____________ junctions.
(a) Two, three.
(b) Three, two.
(c) Three, three.
(d) Two, two.
Ans: (b) Three, two.
13. A diode is in forward bias condition when ______________.
(a) Cathode is connected to the positive and anode to negative terminal of a battery.
(b) Cathode is connected to the negative and anode to positive terminal of a battery.
(c) No specific polarity is required.
(d) None of the above.
Ans: (b) Cathode is connected to the negative and anode to positive terminal of a battery.
14. A diode is in reverse bias condition when ____________.
(a) Cathode is connected to the positive and anode is connected to negative terminal of a battery.
(b) Cathode is connected to the negative and anode to positive terminal of a battery.
(c) No specific polarity is required.
(d) None of the above.
Ans: (a) Cathode is connected to the positive and anode is connected to negative terminal of a battery.
15. Devices that store energy in the form of electric field are called _________________.
(a) Capacitors.
(b) Inductors.
(c) Resistors.
(d) Diodes.
Ans: (a) Capacitors.
16. Devices that store energy in the form of a magnetic field are called ________________.
(a) Capacitors.
(b) Inductors.
(c) Resistors.
(d) Diodes.
Ans: (b) Inductors.
17. Resistance of a material affects the _________________.
(a) Length.
(b) Temperature.
(c) Thickness.
(d) All of the above.
Ans: (d) All of the above.
18. Pentavalent impurities in extrinsic semiconductor have _____________ electrons in their outermost orbit.
(a) 3
(b) 5
(c) 4
(d) 2
Ans: (b) 5
19. Trivalent impurities in extrinsic semiconductor have __________ electrons in their outermost orbit.
(a) 3
(b) 5
(c) 4
(d) 2
Ans: (a) 3
20. The pure form of semiconductor is called _______________________.
(a) Intrinsic semiconductor.
(b) Extrinsic semiconductor.
(c) Both (a) and (b).
(d) None of the above.
Ans: (a) Intrinsic semiconductor.
21. The impure form of semiconductor is called __________________.
(a) Intrinsic semiconductor.
(b) extrinsic semiconductor.
(c) Both (a) and (b).
(d) None of the above.
Ans: (b) extrinsic semiconductor.
22. What are the two major categories for resistors?
(a) Low and high power value.
(b) Commercial and industrial.
(c) Low and high ohmic value.
(d) Linear and non-linear.
Ans: (d) Linear and non-linear.
23. Carbon composition resistors are made of ____________________.
(a) Germanium and lead.
(b) Silicon and germanium.
(c) Carbon and silica.
(d) Lead and carbon.
Ans: (c) Carbon and silica.
24. Which of the following is true for resistance?
(a) Symbolised by R, measured in Ohm and directly proportional to conductance.
(b) Represented by the flow of fluid in the fluid circuit.
(c) Directly proportional to current and voltage.
(d) The opposition to current flow is accompanied by dissipation of heat.
Ans: (d) The opposition to current flow is accompanied by dissipation of heat.
25. Carbon composition resistors are available in ________________ power rating.
(a) 1/4 watt.
(b) 1/2 watt.
(c) 1 watt.
(d) All of the above.
Ans: (d) All of the above.
26. For fixed voltage, if resistance decreases, then current will __________________.
(a) Decrease.
(b) Double.
(c) Increase.
(d) Remain the same.
Ans: (c) Increase.
27. Resistance in a circuit is __________________.
(a) The same as current.
(b) In opposition to current.
(c) The same as voltage.
(d) In opposition to voltage.
Ans: (b) In opposition to current.
28. Which of the following is not a film resistor?
(a) Carbon film resistor.
(b) Metal film resistor.
(c) Thin film resistor.
(d) Thick resistor.
Ans: (c) Thin film resistor.
29. Which of the following is the temperature operating range of cracked carbon resistor?
(a) 700‒800 degree Celsius.
(b) 900‒1000 degree Celsius.
(c) 500‒600 degree Celsius.
(d) 600‒700 degree Celsius.
Ans: (b) 900‒1000 degree Celsius.
30. Which of the following is not a non-linear resistor?
(a) Thermistor.
(b) Varistor.
(c) Photoresistor.
(d) Carbon film resistor.
Ans: (d) Carbon film resistor.
31. Which of the following is not a linear resistor?
(a) Potentiometer.
(b) Trimmer.
(c) Wire wound resistor.
(d) Photoresistor.
Ans: (d) Photoresistor.
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. Transformers work on __________________ voltage.
Ans: AC.
2. Extrinsic semiconductor is ______________ form of semiconductor.
Ans: Impure.
3. Intrinsic semiconductor is ________________ form of semiconductor.
Ans: Pure.
4. Capacitor stores energy in the form of _____________ field.
Ans: Electric.
5. Inductor stores energy in the form of ________________ field.
Ans: Magnetic.
6. Diode has _______________ terminals.
Ans: Two.
7. Silicon is _______________ material.
Ans: Semiconductor.
8. Transistor has ________________ terminals.
Ans: Three.
9. When LED is in forward bias condition, it will turn ________________.
Ans: On.
10. A three-terminal semiconductor device is ___________.
Ans: Transistor.
C. State whether the following statements are True or False:
1. Transformers are used only to step-up the voltage.
Ans: False.
2. An LED emits light in a particular colour and this colour is dependent on the type of semiconductor material used in it.
Ans: True.
3. A transistor is used as an amplifier and switch.
Ans: True.
4. The electromagnetism in a transformer is the energy source for the transformer.
Ans: True.
5. Low voltage is used for transmission and high voltage in office and home.
Ans: False.
6. Transformer changes the frequency of applied signal.
Ans: False.
7. The junction, where the emitter and base layer touch each other, is called emitter-base junction.
Ans: True.
8. Amplification is the process of increasing the level of voltage and current.
Ans: True.
9. The base unit of capacitance is Farad.
Ans: True.
10. Trimmer is a miniature adjustable resistor.
Ans: True.
11. Potentiometer is a variable resistor. Its resistance value can be changed using a rotating knob.
Ans: True.
12. Negative and positive temperature coefficient are linear resistors.
Ans: False.
13. When light is illuminated on a photo resistor, its resistance value decreases.
Ans: True.
14. In non-linear resistors, current is directly proportional to the applied voltage.
Ans: False.
15. In linear resistors, current is not directly proportional to the applied voltage.
Ans: False.
16. In thick film resistors, resistive film is formed on the substrate of silicon to produce high resistance value resistor.
Ans: True.
17. In film resistors, resistance value depends on the thickness of ceramic rod placed in it.
Ans: False.
18. Linear resistors can be classified into fixed and variable.
Ans: True.
19. Variable resistor includes carbon composition resistor, film resistor, wire wound resistor and cracked carbon resistor.
Ans: False.
20. LDR stands for light dissipate resistor.
Ans: False.
D. Short answer questions:
1. Write short notes on— Diode, Transistor, LED, Capacitor, Inductor.
Ans: Diode: Two semiconductors, i.e., P-type and N-type are combined to form a new component, which is known as diode. ‘Di’ defines two. Thus, a diode has two terminals—anode and cathode. A diode can be used for switching applications on and off. A diode passes current only in one direction. The P-side is called anode and N-side cathode. When the anode and cathode of a PN-junction diode are connected to external voltage sources such that the positive end of a battery is connected to the anode and negative to the cathode, the diode is said to be in a forward bias condition or we can say that it will act as a closed switch (it will turn ‘ON’). In a forward bias condition, the diode will pass the current through it.
Transistor: Transistor is a three-layer semiconductor device. Transistors can be of two types — bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and field effect transistor (FET). BJT has three layers, i.e., emitter, base and collector. The point where the two layers touch each other is called ‘junction’. The junction where the emitter and base layers touch each other is called ‘emitter base junction’. The junction where collector and base layers touch each other is called ‘collector base junction’. The transistor acts as a switch or can be used for amplification.
Light Emitting Diode: Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) comprise several layers of semiconducting material. When the diode is utilised with DC, the active layer produces light. The LED emits light in a particular colour and this colour is dependent on the type of semiconductor material used in it. LEDs are made of semiconductor crystals.
Capacitor: The word ‘capacitor’ specifies capacity. It represents the capacity to store energy. In a capacitor, energy is stored in the form of an electric field. Capacitance is measured in Farad (F). A capacitor has two parallel sections. It is between these sections that energy is stored. It consists of two metallic conducting sections (plates) separated by an insulator (dielectric material). A metallic conductor can be made of aluminium, copper, etc. A dielectric can be ceramic, mica, electrolyte, air, paper, etc. It stores charges on its metallic plates, which generate the electric field between the plates. Hence, it stores energy in the form of an electric field.
Inductor: The word ‘inductor’ defines induction. Induction is the process or action of bringing about rise. In Inductor, this rise takes place in the form of energy. An inductor is constructed when a conductor material is wound on a magnetic material. Inductor is like a coil. When current flows through the coil, a magnetic field appears around the wire. This way, we can say that an inductor stores energy in the form of a magnetic field along the coil. If the current flowing through an inductor changes, a changing magnetic field appears across the wire. This changing magnetic field induces a voltage across the two ends of the wire(s). The inductor opposes the change in the electric current passing through it. This property of opposition is known as ‘inductance’.
2. What is an extrinsic semiconductor?
Ans: Extrinsic (Impure) Semiconductor When impurity atoms are added to the pure (intrinsic) form of a semiconductor, it is called an extrinsic semiconductor. Extrinsic semiconductors are also known as ‘impure semiconductors.’ They are classified into two types: N-type and P-type.
(i) N-type Semiconductor: When pentavalent impurity atoms (atoms with five electrons in their outermost shell, like Arsenic) are added, an extrinsic semiconductor is formed, which is known as an N-type semiconductor.
(ii) P-type Semiconductor: When trivalent impurity atoms (atoms with three electrons in their outermost shell, like Boron) are added, an extrinsic semiconductor is formed, which is known as a P-type semiconductor.
Doping increases the conductivity of a semiconductor by adding free carriers (electrons or holes). For example, in silicon, which has four electrons in its outermost shell, adding an impurity atom with five or three valence electrons allows more free carriers to be added, increasing its conductivity.
3. What is an intrinsic semiconductor?
Ans: It is the pure form of a semiconductor. The word pure here specifies that this semiconductor does not contain any impurity atom. For example, pure form of silicon contains only the atoms of silicon and no other impurity atom is present. The absence of impurity atom results in less conductivity of the semiconducting material. To improve the conductivity of intrinsic semiconductor, an impurity atom has to be added, which is discussed in extrinsic semiconductor.
4. What are the applications of a transistor?
Ans: A transistor is a three-layer semiconductor device. Transistors can be of two types— bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and field-effect transistor (FET). BJT has three layers, i.e., emitter, base, and collector. The point where the two layers touch each other is called ‘junction’. The junction where the emitter and base layers touch each other is called ‘emitter-base junction’. The junction where the collector and base layers touch each other is called ‘collector-base junction’.
The transistor acts as a switch or can be used for amplification. To understand the functioning of a transistor, we can relate it to the water supply system in our houses. The storage tank, which is kept on the roof of a building, is similar to the emitter in the transistor, which acts as a source of charge carriers (i.e., electrons and holes in semiconductor). The tap on the ground is similar to the base of the transistor. This tap controls the flow of water. Likewise, the base controls the flow of charge carriers. The bucket on the ground collects the water coming from the storage tank. Similarly, the collector of the transistor collects the charge carriers coming from the emitter. Therefore, there are two junctions in the transistor, i.e., emitter-base and collector-base junctions.
5. Write down the specifications of a capacitor.
Ans: The word ‘capacitor’ specifies capacity. It represents the capacity to store energy. In a capacitor, energy is stored in the form of an electric field. Capacitance is measured in Farad (F). A capacitor has two parallel sections, between which energy is stored. It consists of two metallic conducting sections (plates) separated by an insulator (dielectric material). A metallic conductor can be made of aluminium, copper, etc., and the dielectric can be ceramic, mica, electrolyte, air, paper, etc. The capacitor stores charges on its metallic plates, which generate the electric field between the plates, thus storing energy in the form of an electric field.
Capacitors are fundamental components in electrical and electronic devices.
The main parameters of a capacitor include is are:
(i) Maximum Voltage: The maximum voltage it can withstand without damage.
(ii) Charge Storage Capacity: The amount of charge the capacitor can store.
(iii) Polarity of Terminals: Positive and negative terminals.
6. What is inductance?
Ans: The word ‘inductor’ defines induction. Induction is the process or action of bringing about rise. In Inductor, this rise takes place in the form of energy. An inductor is constructed when a conductor material is wound on a magnetic material. Inductor is like a coil. When current flows through the coil, a magnetic field appears around the wire. This way, we can say that an inductor stores energy in the form of a magnetic field along the coil. If the current flowing through an inductor changes, a changing magnetic field appears across the wire. This changing magnetic field induces a voltage across the two ends of the wire(s). The inductor opposes the change in the electric current passing through it. This property of opposition is known as ‘inductance’.
E. Identify the symbols in the table given below:
Ans: (i) Resistor.
(ii) Variable resistor.
(iii) Thermistor.
(iv) Varistor.
(v) Photo resistor.
(vi) Light Emitting Diode.
(vii) PN‑junction diode.
(viii) Bi‑polar junction transistor.
F. Calculate the value for the following:
1. A 3-ohm resistor is connected to 12V battery. Determine the current in the circuit.
Ans: To calculate the current in the circuit, we can use Ohm’s Law, which states:
V = I × R
Where:
V is the voltage (in volts),
I is the current (in amperes),
R is the resistance (in ohms).
Rearranging the formula to solve for current I:
Given:
V = 12V
R = 3 Ω
Now, substitute the values into the formula:
Answer: The current in the circuit is 4 amperes.
2. Calculate the capacitance value, when the amount of charge is 2C and 6V is applied across the capacitor.
Ans: To calculate the capacitance C, we use the formula:
Where:
C is the capacitance in farads (F),
Q is the charge in coulombs (C),
V is the voltage in volts (V).
Given:
Q = 2C,
V = 6V,
Now, substitute the values into the formula:
3. In an electric circuit, 10V is applied and current in the circuit is 2A. Calculate the value of resistor to be used.
Ans: To calculate the value of the resistor, we can use Ohm’s Law:
V = I × R
Rearranging the formula to solve for resistance R:
Given:
V = 10V,
I = 2A,
Now, substitute the values into the formula:
Answer: The value of the resistor to be used is 5 ohms.
4. Calculate the amount of charge when 220V is applied in a 2.5-microfarad capacitor.
Ans: To calculate the amount of charge stored in a capacitor, we use the formula:
Q = C × V
Where:
Q is the charge in coulombs (C),
C is the capacitance in farads (F),
V is the voltage in volts (V).
Given:
C = 2.5 μF = 2.5 × 10−6 F,
V = 220V.
Now, substitute the values into the formula:
Q = 2.5 × 10−6 F × 220V
Q = 5.5 × 10−4 C
Answer: The amount of charge is 5.5 × 10−4 coulombs or 0.55 millijoules.
5. Calculate the power consumed by the circuit when voltage and current are 220V and 0.8A, respectively.
Ans: To calculate the power consumed in the circuit, we use the formula:
P = V × I
Where:
P is the power in watts (W),
V is the voltage in volts (V),
I is the current in amperes (A).
Given:
V = 220V
I = 0.8A
Now, substitute the values into the formula:
P = 220V × 0.8A = 176 W
Answer: The power consumed by the circuit is 176 watts.
6. Calculate the power consumed by a circuit when the applied voltage is 220V and resistance is 10 ohm.
Ans: To calculate the power consumed by the circuit, we use the formula derived from Ohm’s Law:
Where:
P is the power in watts (W),
V is the voltage in volts (V),
R is the resistance in ohms (Ω).
Given:
V = 220V,
R = 10 Ω.
Now, substitute the values into the formula:
Answer: The power consumed by the circuit is 4840 watts.
7. Calculate the current in a circuit when power is 200W and resistance is 2 ohm.
Ans: To calculate the current in the circuit, we can use the formula derived from Ohm’s Law and the power formula:
P = I2 × R
Rearranging the formula to solve for current I:
Given:
P = 200W,
R = 2 Ω.
Now, substitute the values into the formula:
Answer: The current in the circuit is 10 amperes.
8. Calculate the applied voltage when 880C charge is stored in a 4-farad capacitor.
Ans: To calculate the applied voltage, we can use the formula:
Where:
V is the voltage in volts (V),
Q is the charge in coulombs (C),
C is the capacitance in farads (F).
Given:
Q = 880 C,
C = 4 F.
Now, substitute the values into the formula:
Answer: The applied voltage is 220 volts.
9. What will be the amount of charge, when 440V is applied in a 2-farad capacitor?
Ans: To calculate the amount of charge stored in the capacitor, we use the formula:
Q = C × V
Where:
Q is the charge in coulombs (C),
C is the capacitance in farads (F),
V is the voltage in volts (V).
Given:
C = 2 F
V = 440V
Now, substitute the values into the formula:
Q = 2F × 440V = 880 C
Answer: The amount of charge is 880 coulombs.
10. Calculate the applied voltage, when the power consumed by a circuit is 20W and it has a resistance value of 20 ohm.
Ans: To calculate the applied voltage, we can use the formula derived from Ohm’s Law and the power formula:
Rearranging the formula to solve for voltage V:
Given:
P = 20 W,
R = 20 Ω.
Now, substitute the values into the formula:
Answer: The applied voltage is 20 volts.
G. Label the following figures:
1. Identify and name the parts of a transformer in the figure given below:
Ans:
2. Identify and name the P-type and N-type terminal of the diode in the figure given below. Also, specify the anode and cathode terminals of the diode.
Ans:
3. Identify the parts of an LED in the figure given below.
Ans:
4. Identify and name the different types of inductor listed in the following table.
| Types | Name |
Ans:
| Types | Name |
| Wire-wound Inductor | |
| Ferrite Core | |
| Toroidal Inductor |
H. Match the columns:
| A | B |
| (i) Semiconductor | (a) Magnetic field. |
| (ii) Capacitor | (b) Opposition in the flow of current. |
| (iii) Resistor | (c) Unidirectional device. |
| (iv) Inductor | (d) Electric field. |
| (v) Diode | (e) Three-terminal device. |
| (vi) Transistor | (f) Trivalent and pentavalent. |
Ans:
| A | B |
| (i) Semiconductor | (f) Trivalent and pentavalent. |
| (ii) Capacitor | (d) Electric field. |
| (iii) Resistor | (b) Opposition in the flow of current. |
| (iv) Inductor | (a) Magnetic field. |
| (v) Diode | (c) Unidirectional device. |
| (vi) Transistor | (e) Three-terminal device. |
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