NIOS Class 12 Early Childhood Care and Education Chapter 11 Play and Early Learning

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NIOS Class 12 Early Childhood Care and Education Chapter 11 Play and Early Learning

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Play and Early Learning

Chapter: 11

INTEXT QUESTIONS 11.1

(I) Match Column A with Column B.

Column A	Column B
(a) Practice play	(i) Representational system develops
(b) Dramatic play	(ii) First stage of Smilansky’s play
(c) Symbolic play	(iii) Children use imagination
(d) Functional play	(iv) Major role of senses during play

Ans:

Column A	Column B
(a) Practice play	(iv) Major role of senses during play
(b) Dramatic play	(iii) Children use imagination
(c) Symbolic play	(i) Representational system develops
(d) Functional play	(ii) First stage of Smilansky’s play

(II) State whether the following statements are true or false: 

(a) A six month old infant is in the pram in a park and watches children going up and down the slide. He is enjoying onlooker play. 

Ans: True.

(b) Two year old children creating towers with building blocks. It is an example of constructive play.

Ans: True.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 11.2 

Fill in the blanks: 

(a) Play with objects starts at ___________ age because children acquire eyehand coordination for grasping objects. 

Ans: 4 to 5 months.

(b) The process of substituting one object for the other happens during the __________ 

Ans: First year.

(c) Play and purpose of play is different from _________ to _________.

Ans: Age, age.

(d) 5-12 year old children understand rules and thus prefer games like ______________ and ___________________.

Ans: Football, basketball (any game with rules).

INTEXT QUESTIONS 11.3

State whether the following statements are true or false: 

(a) Arrangement of play materials and other equipment does not have any influence on children’s activities. 

Ans: False.

(b) Supervision is very essential for outdoor play activities. 

Ans: True.

(c) Play activities that involve swinging, walking, running, jumping, sliding, etc. help in large muscle coordination. 

Ans: True.

(d) Teachers and parents should know development changes during a child’s life.

Ans: True.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 11.4 

Fill in the blanks: 

(a) The theme must be planned according to the _________ and _______ of the children. 

Ans: Age, interest.

(b) Arranging objects according to the size is an activity of________ domain. 

Ans: Cognitive.

(c) ________ is an example of an affective domain activity. 

Ans: Dramatising stories, poem recitation, doll dressing, etc.

(d) Activities promoting fine and gross motor skills belong to the _________. domain.

Ans: Psychomotor.

Terminal Exercises

1. Explain in detail the meaning and nature of play.

Ans: Children’s play can be defined in many ways but we can say that it is a creative process in which a child uses the mind and body free from externally imposed goals. It is often said that play is a child’s chosen act or engagement with objects, peers or just with themselves. Play provides opportunity to explore, experiment and experience in non-threatening ways.

Play, as described by Piaget, consists of responses repeated purely for functional pleasure. As children grow, play has rules and regulations, which are imposed by the players for their own convenience. On the other hand, Froebel considered play as highly serious and of deep significance, not something trivial.

Following are some definitions of play:

(i) Joyful, spontaneous, and creative activity in which man finds his fullest expression.

(ii) Instinctive practice, without serious intent of activities that will later be essential to life.

(iii) A free, self-contained activity that has an inherent goal, initiated and directed by intrinsic motivation, providing satisfaction from the activity itself.

(iv) Play resembles the unending activity of the flowing stream or the growing tree. Play is the work of the child.

(v) Any activity directed towards an end other than enjoyment cannot be rightly called play.

2. Describe the types of play in early years. Explain with examples.

Ans: There are different opinions by psychologists about the different nature of play.

Piaget (1945–1962) explains three levels of play:

(i) Practice Play: Matches with the sensorimotor stage (0–2 years). Physical senses play a major role; repeated body movements, putting objects in the mouth, blowing bubbles.

(ii) Symbolic Play: (2–7 years) When the child uses objects as symbols. Children engage in make-believe games and fantasy role play.

(iii) Games with Rules: (7–11 years) Play becomes structured; rules are developed and play takes on a social aspect.

Smilansky (1968) divided play into four stages:

(i) Functional Play: Children play with objects using physical movement and motor skills.

(ii) Constructive Play: Children use objects to construct something (e.g. blocks).

(iii) Dramatic Play: Children use imagination to make something from some objects.

(iv) Games with Rules: Participation in competitive games allows understanding and acceptance of rules.

Parten (1929) studied play for social skills and described six stages:

(i) Unoccupied play – among newborns and infants (0–2 years).

(ii) Solitary play – playing alone with toys, seen in toddlers.

(iii) Onlooker play – observing others play without joining.

(iv) Parallel play – playing side-by-side, ages 2½–3½ years.

(v) Associative play – ages 3–4 years, playing together without a common goal.

(vi) Cooperative play – organized group play with teamwork and assigned roles.