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NCERT Class 11 Political Science Chapter 17 Nationalism
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Nationalism
Chapter: 17
| (PART-B) POLITICAL THEORY |
| TEXT BOOK QUESTIONS ANSWER |
1. How is a nation different from other forms of collective belongings?
Ans: A nation is a group of people united by shared characteristics such as language, history, ethnicity, culture, and/or territory. A nation is a more overtly political entity than an ethnic group it has been described as “a fully mobilised or institutionalised ethnic group.”On the other hand.Various cultural processes and symbols helped in bringing a sense of collective belonging among people like history, folklore, poetry, and others. The influence of political leaders also helps in bringing a sense of collective belonging.
2. What do you understand by the right to national self-determination? How has this idea resulted in both formation and challenges to our nation states?
Ans: The right to national self-determination is the principle that each distinct cultural or national group has the right to govern itself and determine its own destiny within a sovereign state or as an independent nation. This idea has significantly influenced the formation and evolution of nation-states worldwide but has also posed challenges:
(i) Formation of Nation-States:
(a) Decolonization: Decolonization is about “cultural, psychological, and economic freedom” for Indigenous people with the goal of achieving Indigenous sovereignty – the right and ability of Indigenous people to practise self-determination over their land, cultures, and political and economic systems.
(b) Post-World War I: The nation state is a system of organisation defined by geography, politics, and culture. The nation is a cultural identity that is shared by the people, and the state is the governing administration. A nation state must have a shared national identity, physical borders, and a single government.
(c) Cultural and Ethnic Autonomy: According to ethnic nationalism, a nation defined in ethnic terms should create an independent state, which should serve its interests. Belonging to a nation is associated with sharing standard cultural features such as language, religion, customs, common ancestry, and shared history.
(ii) Challenges to Nation-States:
(a) Secessionist Movements: Separatist movements are groups of people wanting to start a new country that is separate from a large existing country. In India, some groups want separate countries for groups that have ethnic or language differences.
(b) Ethnic Tensions: Ethnic conflicts can be broadly categorised as violent and non-violent. The former is usually a result of deep ethnic animosity fostered by political and social factors. The latter is not as disastrous in its effects as violent conflicts and is motivated by trivial political gains.
(c) International Law and Sovereignty: Sovereignty is the most important element of the state. It confers legal status on the state’s actions. It’s sovereignty that allows the state to exercise legitimate control over all the laws, rules, policies, and decisions. The idea of sovereignty goes back to Aristotle, who spoke of the “Supreme power of the state.
(d) Geopolitical Instability: Geopolitical stability refers to the state of political and economic balance within a region or country, which helps maintain peace and security. Political risks can arise from a number of issues, including disputes over territory, resources, or ideology. They can also be the result of a country’s foreign policy decisions, which can unintentionally escalate tensions with other nations.
3. “We have seen that nationalism can unite people as well as divide them, liberate them as well as generate bitterness and conflict.” Illustrate your answer with examples.
Ans: Here are some illustrative examples:
(i) Unification and Liberation:
(a) Italy: The Unification of Italy was a 19th century political and social movement that resulted in the unification of the different states of the Italian Peninsula, into a single state-the Kingdom of Italy. Beginning in the 1840s, the unification was completed in 1871, the same year as the unification of Germany.
(b) India: British rule imposed political unity on the Indian subcontinent. Provinces came under direct British rule, while princely states were indirectly administered. The British sword played a crucial role in establishing political control and unifying the diverse regions.
(ii) Division and Conflict:
(a) Yugoslavia: The first of the six republics to formally leave Yugoslavia was Slovenia, declaring independence on 25 June 1991. This triggered an intervention of the Yugoslav People’s Army (JNA) which turned into a brief military conflict, generally referred to as the Ten-Day War.
(b) Rwanda: Rwanda and former Yugoslavia are both examples where elites have used a divide-and-rule strategy by initiating conflict between ethnic groups with the result that polarization between the groups became so strong that large-scale genocide was possible. differences and the implications for violent conflict.
(iii) Bitterness and Conflict:
(a) Palestine/Israel: Key aspects of the conflict include the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, the status of Jerusalem, Israeli settlements, borders, security, water rights, the permit regime, Palestinian freedom of movement, and the Palestinian right of return.
(b) Brexit: Brexit is an abbreviation of two English words ‘Britain’ and ‘exit’ and refers to the withdrawal process of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU). Article 50 of the Treaty of the European Union regulates the withdrawal process of any Member State.
(iv) Uniting and Liberating Movements:
(a) Anti-Colonial Movements: Anti-colonial nationalism is a form of nationalism that rejects the rule of colonial powers and seeks independence from colonial interference. The ‘Scramble for Africa’ refers to a period that began in the 1880s when European powers invaded, divided, and colonised Africa for their interests.
(v) Globalization and Nationalism:
(a) Populist Nationalism: According to Roger Eatwell and Matthew Goodwin, “National populists prioritize the culture and interests of the nation, and promise to give voice to a people who feel that they have been neglected, even held in contempt, by distant and often corrupt elites.”
4. Neither descent, nor language, nor religion or ethnicity can claim to be a common factor in nationalisms all over the world. Comment.
Ans: The statement that descent, language, religion, or ethnicity cannot claim to be a common factor in nationalisms worldwide is quite accurate when considering the diversity of nationalist movements globally.
Here’s an elaboration on why this is the case:
(i) Variety of Nationalist Movements: Expert-Verified Answer. The three types of nationalism are Unification, Separation, and State-building. Unification nationalism is the types of nationalism that calls for the unity of the people into one e.g Germany unification, pan african nationalism.
(ii) Complexity of Identity: The concept of identity is a complex one, shaped by individual characteristics, family. dynamics, historical factors, and social and political contexts.
(iii) Political Contexts: Context in the setting, environment or period which writing is built on. An example of context would be the novel Lord of the Flies, which has a strong physical context of a deserted island and the need for survival.
(iv) Globalization and Migration: Globalisation has broadened access to information about life and opportunities in other countries. Additionally, the relaxation of travel and emigration restrictions has contributed to the surge in international migration.
(v) Contested Identities: Contesting identity is the process of challenging the negative aspects of identity that are projected onto people by the societies in which they live.
5. Illustrate with suitable examples the factors that lead to the emergence of nationalist feelings.
Ans: Nationalist feelings can emerge due to various factors, often intertwined and influencing each other.
Some significant factors include:
(i) Cultural Identity: In this way, cultural identity is both characteristic of the individual but also of the culturally identical group of members sharing the same cultural identity or upbringing. Cultural identity is an unfixed process that is continually evolving within the discourses of social, cultural, and historical experiences.
(ii) Historical Events: History explores the cultural and historical context of political decisions over time, while Political Science focuses primarily on analysing events through a political lens. Both disciplines, however, nurture communication skills and information-synthesis abilities in students, preparing them for diverse career paths.
(iii) Political Movements: A political movement is a collective attempt by a group of people to change government policy or social values. Political movements are usually in opposition to an element of the status quo, and are often associated with a certain ideology.
(iv) Economic Factors: Some of the characteristics or themes of a political economy include the distribution of wealth, how goods and services are produced, who owns property and other resources, who profits from production, supply and demand, and how public policy and government interaction impact society.
(v) External Threats or Conflicts: An external threat refers to any potential danger or risk that originates from outside an organisation. These threats can come in various forms, such as cyberattacks, natural disasters, economic downturns, or even competitors trying to undermine the success of a business.
(vi) Media and Communication: Political communication is the “production and impact of persuasive political messages, campaigns, and advertising, often concerning the mass media”. It is an interdisciplinary field that draws from communication, journalism and political science.
(vii) Educational Systems: A Bachelor of education (B.ED) in political science degree program is an undergraduate certification program that focuses on the study of national and state political affairs, humanities and system governance.
(viii) Symbolism and Rituals: The types of symbolism in literature are romantic symbolism, emotional symbolism, religious symbolism, animals, weather, objects and colours. The most common rituals practised in all Hindu households are puja, meditation, silent prayers, yoga, recitation of scriptures from Bhagavad Gita or bhajans, reading religious books, participating in Satsang (prayer meets), performing charitable work, visiting a temple, and chanting the name of their beloved God.
6. How is a democracy more effective than authoritarian governments in dealing with conflicting nationalist aspirations?
Ans: A democracy can be more effective than authoritarian governments in dealing with conflicting nationalist aspirations for several reasons:
(i) Inclusivity and Representation: Inclusive Representation Politics exclusive representation assumes that the represented are absent, made present exclusively through the person of their representative. Inclusive representation, on the other hand, is measured by the fact that it motivates those represented to participate directly.
(ii) Legal Frameworks: The legal approach in political science is the method of studying politics on the basis of how laws get made. Laws, such as constitutions of various countries, often define how a country can function. As such, laws are often considered fundamental to politics, and be the basis of its investigation.
(iii) Political Stability: Political stability is a situation characterised by the preservation of an intact and smoothly functioning government or political system, avoiding significant disruptions or changes over an extended duration.
(iv) Negotiation and Compromise: Traditionally, compromise is considered to be the outcome of negotiation processes during which the involved parties bargain for the best possible outcome. In contrast, deliberative processes during which the participants exchange reasons for their respective views are deemed appropriate only for achieving consensus.
(v) International Relations: International Relations is concerned with relations across boundaries of nation-states. It addresses international political economy, global governance, intercultural relations, national and ethnic identities, foreign policy analysis, development studies, environment, international security, diplomacy, terrorism, media, social movements and more. It is a multidisciplinary field that does not restrict students to one approach and employs a variety of methods including discourse analysis, statistics and comparative and historical analysis.
(vi) Long-Term Sustainability: Long-term sustainability refers to the ability of a business to maintain its operations and activities without compromising future generations’ ability to meet their own needs.
7. What do you think about the limitations of nationalism?
Ans: The limitations of nationalism are a complex topic. On one hand, nationalism can foster unity and a sense of identity among a group of people, which can be positive.
The limitations of nationalism can be cited as:
(i) Most nationalist ideals are representative of the goals of a single cultural group. Thus, they fail to incorporate the broader vision of inclusiveness.
(ii) Since it is not possible for every cultural group to create its own nation-state therefore every nation- state has more than one cultural group.
(iii) The different cultural groups often get involved in conflicts due to their separate nationalist aspirations and the principle of exclusivity based upon a desire for homogenous identity.
(iv) The role of nationalism in a globalised world is yet to be completely evaluated as nationalist tendencies acquire a different meaning in an interconnected world.
