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NCERT Class 9 Social Science Chapter 3 Nazism and The Rise of Hitler
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Nazism and The Rise of Hitler
Chapter: 3
INDIA AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – I (HISTORY)
NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
Q. 1. Describe the problems faced by the Weimar Republic.
Ans. (a) The Weimar Republic faced problems from the very beginning. The communists backed by the Bolsheviks used the country’s instability to stage a revolution.
(b) Led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Leibknecht, the Bolsheviks tried to organize a proletariat revolution in 1919. But the army crushed the attempt.
(c) In the following year, a right wing Kapp Putsch (armed insurrection) was attempted in Berlin. This was the conservatives’ attempt to take the country back to the days of Prussian aristocratic domination.
(d) This attempt failed but not until all important government officers fled Berlin leaving a vacuum to be filled by the workers. This was followed by strikes in all the cities and the army had to be called in to suppress them.
Q. 2. Discuss why Nazism become popular in Germany by 1930.
Ans. The reasons are as under:
(i) Germany lost in First World War and very harsh terms and conditions were imposed on Germany by Allies through the Treaty of Versailles.
(ii) Due to the Great Economic Depression (of 1929-1932-33) Germany faced various types of economic problems such as unemployment, poverty and rising prices of almost all things.
(iii) Adolf Hitler wrote a book named ‘Mein Kampf’ (My Struggle) that contain philosophy and principles of Nazism. Hitler was a very good orator. He motivated the Germans and propagated and took various steps against the Jews, whom including Hitler most of the Germans hated and considered them responsible for defeat of Germany in the First World War.
(iv) Nazism became popular in Germany in 1930 because the public government, which was formed after First World War could not solve e problems of Germany.
Q. 3. What are the peculiar features of Nazi thinking?
Ans. (a) The crisis in the Germany’s economy, polity and society was used as the background by Adolf Hitler for rise to power. The German defeat horrified him and the Versailles Treaty made him furious. In 1919, he joined a small group called the German Workers Party.
(b) The Nazis could not effectively mobilize popular support till the early 1930s. It was during the Great Depression that Nazism became a mass movement. Nazi propaganda stirred hopes of a better future for collapsed banks and shut down business-houses, unemployed workers and for the middle class. people.
(c) Hitler was a powerful speaker. His passion and his words moved people. He promised to build a strong nation, undo the injustice of the Versailles Treaty (This treaty was hatred by most of Germans) and restore the dignity of the German people. He promised employment for those looking for work, and a secure future for the youth of Germany.
(d) Adolf Hitler devised a new style of politics. He properly understood the importance of rituals and spectacle (which are liked by conservatives) in mobilizing people. He held massive rallies and public meetings to demonstrate his popularity and mass-support and instil a sense of unity among the people. The Red banners with the Swastika, the Nazi salute and the ritualized round of applause after the speeches were all parts of this spectacle of power.
Q. 4. Explain why Nazi propaganda was effective in creating a hatred for Jews.
Ans. (a) Propaganda films were made to create hatred for Jews. The most infamous film was the Eternal Jew. Orthodox Jews were stereo typed and were shown with flowing beards wearing kaftans.
(b) In reality, it was difficult to distinguish German Jews by their outward appearance as they were a highly assimilated community. They were referred to as vermin, rats and pests. Their movements were compared to those of rodents.
(c) Nazism worked on the minds of the people. It tapped their emotions and made them look at the Jews with hatred and anger.
Q. 6. Explain what role women had in Nazi society.
Ans. (a) Women in Nazi Germany were meant to be good mothers and rear pure-blooded Aryan children. A girl’s duty was to maintain the purity of the race, maintain distance from Jews and teach their children the values of Nazism. They were to be the bearers of the Aryan culture and race.
(b) Women who performed such duties were given favoured treatment in hospitals and were also given concessions in shops and on theater tickets and railway fares.
(c) To encourage women to give birth to more children, Honour Crosses were awarded. A bronze cross was awarded for four children, silver for six and gold for eight or more.
(d) All ‘Aryan’ women who deviated from the prescribed code of conduct were publicly condemned and severely punished.
Q.6. In what ways did the Nazism state seek to establish total control over its people?
Ans. The ways of the Nazis state seek to establish total control over its people:
(a) In 1921 Nazi Party was established. Only this party was allowed to work and its all opposition parties and trade unions were banned in Germany.
(b) Adolf Hitler’s book Mein Kampf was used to glorify the use of force and brutality, and the rule by a great leader and ridiculed internationalism, peace and democracy. Throughout Germany an atmosphere of terror was created.
(c) Hitler and his supporters preached extreme hatred against the German Jews who were blamed not only for the defeat of Germany in the First World War but for all the ills of this country.
(d) Hitler glorified extreme nationalism, colonialism, war, militarization and anti-trade union ideas.
(e) He clearly declared that he would not accept any terms of unjust Treaty of Versailles. After January, 1933 the entire fabric of democracy in Germany was shattered and Hitler’s dictatorship was established.
SOME OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Q. 1. Who among the following could enter Jungvolk in Germany?
(a) Ten-year-old boys.
(b) Twelve-year-old boys.
(c) Fourteen-year-old boys.
(d) Eighteen-year-old boys.
Ans. (a) Ten-year-old boys.
Q. 2. Who were the worst sufferers in Nazi Germany?
(a) Jews.
(b) Poles.
(c) Russians.
(d) Gypsies.
Ans. (a) Jews.
Q. 3. A bronze cross was given to the woman who produced:
(a) two children.
(b) four children.
(c) six children.
(d) eight children.
Ans. (b) four children.
Q. 4. The game Hitler glorified was:
(a) wresting.
(b) kabaddi.
(c ) hockey.
(d) boxing.
Ans. (d) boxing.
Q. 5. What was the response of the Germans to the new Weimar Republic?
(a) They held the new Weimar Republic responsible for Germany’s defeat and the disgrace at Versailles.
(b) The republic carried the burden of wer guilt and national humiliation.
(c) It became the target of attacks in the conservative national circles.
(d) All the above.
Ans. (d) All the above.
Q. 6. Which of the following statements is false about soldiers in the World War I?
(a) The soldiers, in reality, led miserable lives in trenches, survived with feeding on the copra’s.
(b) They faced poisonous gas and enemy shelling and loss of comrades.
(c) All soldiers were ready to die for their country’s honour and personal glory.
(d) Aggressive propaganda glorified war.
Ans. (c) All soldiers were ready to die for their country’s honour and personal glory.
Q. 7. The Treaty of Versailles (1920) signed at the end of World War I, was harsh and humiliating for Germany, because:
(a) Germany lost its overseas colonies, and 13 per cent of its territories.
(b) it lost 70% of its iron and 20% of its coal to France, Poland, Denmark and Lithuania, was forced to pay compensation of 6 billion pounds.
(c) the western powers demilitarized Germany and they occupied resource-rich Rhineland in the 1920s all the above.
Ans. (d) all the above.
Q. 8. What was Hitler’s historic blunder and why?
(a) Attack on Soviet Union in 1941 was a historic blunder by Hitler.
(b) He exposed his western front to British aerial bombing.
(c) The Soviet Red Army inflicted a crushing and humiliating defeat on Germany at Stalingrad.
(d) All the above.
Ans. (d) All the above.
Q. 9. Why did Helmut’s father kill himself in the spring of 19457.
(a) He was depressed by Germany’s defeat in Second World War.
(b) He feared that common people would mishandle him and his family.
(c) He feared revenge by the Allied Powers.
(d) He wanted to die because of the crimes he had committed during Nazi rule.
Ans. (b) He feared that common people would mishandle him and his family.
Q. 10. Which of the following body was set up to try and prosecute the Nazi war criminals at the end of World War II?
(a) International Military Tribunal.
(b) British Military Tribunal.
(c) Allied Military Tribunal.
(d) Allied Judicial Court.
Ans. (a) International Military Tribunal.
Q. 11. Why did the Nuremberg Tribunal sentence only 11 Nazis to death for such a massive genocide?
(a) Only these 11 Nazis were found guilty.
(b) The Allies did not want to be harsh on the defeated Germany as they had been after World War.
(c) Germany promised never to repeat such an act.
(d) Germany was ready to pay a huge compensation to the Allied countries for these killings.
Ans. (b) The Allies did not want to be harsh on the defeated Germany as they had been after World War.
Q. 12. What was the most important result of the Spartacus League uprising in Germany in 1918-197?
(a) The Weimar Republic crushed the rebellion.
(b) The Spartacists founded the Communist Party of Germany.
(c) The Weimar government accepted the demands of the Spartacus League.
(d) Both (a) and (b).
Ans. (d) Both (a) and (b)
Q. 13. What was ‘Dawes Plan’?
(a) A plan which imposed more fines on Germany.
(b) A plan which withdrew all punishment from Germany.
(c) A plan which reworked the terms of reparation to ease financial burden on the Germans.
(d) None.
Ans. (c) A plan which reworked the terms of reparation to ease financial burden on the Germans.
Q. 14. What gave Nazi state its reputation as the most dreaded criminal state?
(a) Extra-constitutional powers were given to the newly organized forces like Gestapo, the SS and SD.
(b) People could be detained in Gestapo torture chambers and sent to concentration camps.
(c) No legal procedures were there for the arrested people.
(d) All the above.
Ans. (d) All the above.
Q. 15. What was the slogan coined by Hitler when he followed his aggressive foreign policy?
(a) messenger from God.
(b) conquer the world.
(c) one people, one empire, and one leader.
(d) we are Aryans, the real rulers.
Ans. (c) one people, one empire, and one leader.
Q. 16. When and among which countries was the Tripartite Pact signed?
(a) 1940, Germany, Italy and Japan.
(b) 1939, Germany, Austria and USSR.
(c) 1940, England, France and USA.
(d) 1938, England, Germany and USSR.
Ans. (a) 1940, Germany, Italy and Japan.
Q. 17. Which incident persuaded the USA to join the war?
(a) Hitler’s attack on Eastern Europe.
(b) Hitler’s policy of genocide of the Jews.
(c) Helplessness of England and France.
(d) Japan’s attack on the US base at Pearl Harbour.
Ans. (d) Japan’s attack on the US base at Pearl Harbour.
Q. 18. What was Hitler’s ideology of ‘lebensraum’ or living space?
(a) Multi-storeyed buildings should be built in Germany to increase the living space.
(b) The world must be occupied enabling the material resources and power of the German nation.
(c) New territories had to be acquired for settlement.
(d) Both (b) and (c).
Ans. (d) Both (b) and (c).
Q. 19. In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and chose the correct option.
Assertion (A): The Weimar Republic, however, was not received well by its own people.
Reason (R): It was because of the terms it was forced to accept after Germany’s defeat at the end of the Second World War.
Options:
(a) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong.
(b) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct.
(c) Both (A) and (R) are wrong.
(d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Ans. (a) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong.
Q. 20. In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and chose the correct option.
Assertion (A): After the First World War, France was demilitarized.
Reason (R): The sole aim was to weaken Germany.
Options:
(a) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong.
(b) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct.
(c) Both (A) and (R) are wrong.
(d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Ans. (b) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct.
Q. 21. In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and chose the correct option.
Assertion (A): The Allied armies occupied the resource-rich Rhineland for much of the 1920s.
Reason (R): At the end of the war, an International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg was set up to prosecute Nazi war criminals for crimes against peace and humanity.
Options:
(a) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong.
(b) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct.
(c) Both (A) and (R) are wrong.
(d) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Ans. (d) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Q. 22. In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and chose the correct option.
Assertion (A): The capitalists in Germany became easy targets of attack in the conservative nationalist circles.
Reason (R): They supported the Weimar Republic.
Options:
(a) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong.
(b) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct.
(c) Both (A) and (R) are wrong.
(d) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Ans. (c) Both (A) and (R) are wrong.
Q. 23. In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and chose the correct option.
Assertion (A): The value of the German mark fell badly during 1923.
Reason (R): Germany refused to pay war reparations, and the French occupied its leading industrial area, Ruhr, to claim their coal. Germany retaliated with passive resistance and printed paper currency recklessly.
Options:
(a) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong.
(b) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct.
(c) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(d) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Ans. (c) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Fill in the Blanks:
(i) ________ was a powerful empire in the early years of the twentieth century.
Ans. Germany.
(ii) Adolf Hitler’s book _________ was used to glorify the use of force and brutality.
Ans. Mein Kampf.
(iii) Adolf Hitler was born in _________.
Ans. Austria.
(iv) _________ is the name given to the German Parliament.
Ans. Reichstag.
(v) The Nazis were against democracy and __________.
Ans. socialism.
True and False:
(i) Germany was forced to accept a harsh and humiliating peace treaty at Versailles.
Ans. True.
(ii) Propaganda films were made to create hatred for Jews.
Ans. True.
(iii) The army and the class of small landlords supported the Nazi ideology.
Ans. False.
(iv) Genocidal war means the mass murder of selected groups of innocent civilians of Europe.
Ans. True.
(v) Germany had won the First World War.
Ans. False.
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q.1. What factors enabled the recast of Germany’s Political System after World War I?
Ans. The factors which enabled the recast of German policy after World War I were:
(i) the defeat which Imperial Germany suffered in World War I.
(ii) and the abdication of the German Emperor.
Q. 2. Why was the Weimar Republic not well received by the people of Germany?
Ans. The Weimar Republic was not well received by the people because many in Germany held the Republic responsible not only for the defeat in World War I but also for the humiliating terms of the Treaty of Versailles.
Q. 3. What was the significance of the Enabling Act?
Ans. The Enabling Act enabled Hitler to sideline the Parliament and rule by decree.
Q. 4. How did Hitler propose to bring about economic recovery in Germany?
Ans. Hitler proposed to bring about economic recovery by aiming at full production and full employment through state funded work creation programmes.
Secondly he sought to accumulate resources through expansion of territory.
Q. 5. Who were the supporters of the Nazi ideology?
Ans. Nazi ideas found support in the army and The class of big landlords. They received the full packing of the industrialists who were alarmed at The growth of the socialist and communist parties.
Q. 6. What is meant by the term appeasement? Who adopted it and towards whom?
Ans. Appeasement means a policy of conciliating an aggressive power at the expense of some other country.
The Western powers namely Britain and france adopted a policy of appeasement towards Germany and Italy.
Q. 7. Who were the signatories of the 1940 Tripartite Pact?
Ans. Germany, Italy and Japan were the signatories of the 1940 Tripartite Pact.
Q. 8. When and between whom was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
Ans. The Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919 between Germany and Britain, France and USA.
Q. 9. What does the term Great Economic Depression signify?
Ans. Great Economic Depression (1929-1934) signified the collapse of US economy which began with the crash of the Wall Street Exchange in 1929. It had repercussion all over the world and led to sustained large scale unemployment.
Q. 10. Which concept of Hitler’s ideology revealed his desire for an extended empire?
Ans. The geopolitical concept or concept of living space revealed his desire for an extended empire.
Q. 11. What were the provisions and significance of the Fire Decree (Feb. 28, 1933)?
Ans. Provisions of the Fire Decree enabled indefinite suspension of civic rights like freedom of speech, press and assembly that had been guaranteed by the Weimar Republic. It was significant because it enabled Hitler to acquire power and dismantle the democratic structure.
Q. 12. What were the two steps taken by the Weimar Republic in 1923, to acquire political stability in Germany?
Ans. To acquire political stability in Germany, the Weimar Republic:
(i) Introduced a new currency called Rentenmark. This considerably strengthened Germany’s monetary system.
(ii) A new method was negotiated between Germany and the Allies for payment of separation dues. Thereby the French Army withdrew from the Ruhr region.
Q. 13. What was the reason behind the Western powers following a policy of appeasement towards Germany in the years before World War II?
Ans. The only reason behind the appeasement policy of the western powers towards Germany was to ensure that German aggression remained directed against Communist Russia.
Q. 14. How did the US help Germany to overcome the 1923 financial crisis?
Ans. ‘German bonds’ were sold to private American investors which helped Germany pay its reparations to Britain and France.
Q. 15. What is referred to as Fascism in history? Mention two Fascist powers which existed during the Second World War.
Ans. Fascism was first propagated by Benito Mussolini. Under the Fascist system power of the state is vested in one person or a group of persons. The two fascist powers were Germany and Italy.
Q. 16. Mention two most important clauses of the Treaty of Versailles.
Ans. The two important clauses of the Treaty of Versailles were:
(i) German area of the Rhine Valley was to be demilitarized.
(ii) Germany was to pay war reparation for loss and damages suffered by the Allies during the war.
Q. 17. Who were called the ‘November Criminals’?
Ans. Supporters of the Weimar Republic, mainly Socialists, Catholics and Democrats were mockingly called the ‘November Criminals’.
Q. 18. Why Hitler’s attack on Soviet Union is in 1941 regarded ‘a historic blunder’?.
Ans. Hitler’s attack on Soviet Union in 1941 is regarded as a historic blunder because henceforth German armies had to simultaneously fight on two fronts. While Germans were fighting the aerial bombings of the British on the western front, the eastern front remained exposed to the powerful Soviet armies.
Q. 19. What does the term ‘Genocidal War’ refer to?
Ans. The term Genocidal War refers to the mass murder of selected groups of innocent civilians in Europe by Germany, during World War II.
Q. 20. List the three stages leading to the extermination of Jews.
Ans. The three stages in the extermination of Jews were exclusion, ghettoisation and annihilation.
Q. 21. Who were regarded and treated as ‘undesirables’ during the Nazi regime?
Ans. Jews, many Gypsies, blacks living in Nazi Germany, Poles and Russian civilians belonging to German occupied territory, were treated as ‘undesirables’. Even Germans who were seen as impure or abnormal were classed as ‘undesirables’,
Q. 22. Who according to Hitler topped the racial hierarchy? Who formed the lowest rung of the hierarchy?
Ans. The Nordic German Aryans were at the top while the Jews were located at the lowest rung of the racial hierarchy.
Q. 23. How did the common people react to Nazi behavior and propaganda of Jews?
Ans. Many common people reacted with anger and hatred towards Jews, others remained passive onlookers scared to protest, many others protested braving even death.
Q. 24. For what was Auschwitz notorious during the Nazi period?
Ans. Auschwitz was notorious for mass scale gassing chambers used for mass human killing.
Q. 25. Why did Germany want Sudetenland?
Ans. Germany wanted Sudetenland because:
(i) It had a substantial German population.
(ii) This area also formed 1/5th of Czechoslovakia.
(iii) It had the largest ammunition factories in the world.
Q. 26. The retribution meted out to the Nazis after World War II was far short in extent of their crimes. Why?
Ans. The retribution of the Nazis was far short of the brutality and extent of their crimes because the Allies did not want to be harsh on defeated Germany as they had been after World War I. They came to feel the rise of Nazi Germany could be partly traced back to the German experience at the end of World War I.
Q. 27. Why was the International Military Tribunal set up in Nuremberg and for what did it prosecute the Nazi’s?
Ans. Germany’s conduct during the war raised serious moral and ethical questions and invited worldwide condemnation. Therefore, the International Military Tribunal was set up in Nuremberg to prosecute Nazi War Criminals.
The Tribunal prosecuted the Nazi’s for Crimes against Peace, for War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q. 1. Define genocidal war? Briefly describe its effects in Germany.
Ans. It means the mass murder of selected groups of innocent civilians of Europe. The Nazis Killed. Killed the jews, Gypsies and the polish civilians. They poisoned the people in a gas chambers.
Effects: Around six million Jews, 2,00,000 Gypsies, one million polish civilians, 70,000 Germans were killed. They were mostly considered mentally and physically disabled. Beside, many of them were treated as the political opponents.
Q. 2. Mention three effects of Nazism on Germany.
Ans. (i) Adolf Hitler tried to pull his country out of the economic crisis that had fallen on Germany as a result of her defeat in the First World War. Different types of industries were set up to provide work to the workers. Trade was encouraged.
(ii) Hitler tried to enhance military power of Germany.
(iii) All political parties except that of the Nazi Party were banned. Assassination of anti-Nazi leaders (particularly communists) was organised on a large scale.
Q. 3. Define the concept of Lebensraum. Why was it propagated by Hitler?
Ans. ‘Lebensraum’ meant that the world must be occupied in such a way that it should enable the material resources and power of the German nation to increase. For this purpose, the new territories must be acquired for the new settlement. Hitler captured Poland and pest his idea into practice. Hence, it can be said that Poland became the laboratory for this experimentation.
Q. 4. What were the results of the victory of Nazism in Germany?
Ans. (i) The victory of Nazism in Germany led to the destruction of democracy and establishment of dictatorship.
(ii) It also led to the militarism and preparation for the war.
(iii) In Germany all other political parties were banned except the Nazi Party.
(iv) Nazism was opposed to Socialism and Communism, so the advocates of these philosophies were either jailed or killed.
Q. 5. What were the two main reasons that led to Hitler’s rise to power in Germany?
Ans. (i) Germany had lost the First World War. The revenge guided the Germans and hence the rise of Hitler in Germany.
(ii) Germany did not tolerate the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler promised the Germans to abrogate the provisions if he was voted to power.
(iii) The people of Germany were against communism, therefore they were in favour of any Government which was against communism.
Q. 6. The peace of treaty of Versailles was harsh and humiliating. Give three reasons.
Ans. (i) In the First World War, Germany was defeated. The peace treaty at Versailles with the Allies was a harsh and humiliating peace.
(ii) Germany lost its overseas colonies and also much of its territories in Europe.
(iii) It lost 75% of its iron and 26% of its coal to France and other countries.
(iv) Allied powers demilitarized Germany to weaken its power. Germany was forced to pay compensation amounting to £ 6 billion.
Q. 7. What was Hitler’s three fold plan to consolidate the Nazi power?
Ans. (i) Hitler’s three fold plan was comprised of capturing the legal authority to rule, crushing the country’s political opposition and eliminating rivals within the party.
In pursuit of first, he used the Reichstag fire incident to clamp down on the communists. He armed himself with emergency powers and murdered and jailed key communist leaders and suppressed civil liberties.
(ii) In March 1933, the German Reichstag passed the Enabling Laws which transferred all powers from the Reichstag to the government headed by himself.
(iii) Further, Hitler turned his attention to the rival political parties. He outlawed all existing and potential opposition institutions. By July 1933, the Nazis were the only legitimate party in Germany.
Q. 8. What was ideology of Nazis towards the Jews?
Ans. All schools were cleansed and purified under Nazism. Those teachers were dismissed who were found to be Jews or seen as politically unreliable. German and Jew children were not allowed to sit or play together. All the undesirable children-Jews, Gypsies and the physically handicapped were dismissed from schools and finally were taken to gas chambers in the 1940s.
Q. 9. What do you understand about ‘Nazi Schooling’?
Ans. All ‘Good German’ children were subjected to a prolonged period of ideological training-a process of Nazi schooling. School textbooks were rewritten. It was taught to the children to be loyal and submissive, hate Jews, and worship Hitler. Even sports was used to nurture a spirit of violence and aggression among children. Hitler believed boxing made children iron-hearted, strong and masculine.
Q. 10. What was Nazis ideology for children and women?
Ans. In Nazi Germany, children and repeatedly told that women were radically different from men. It was preached that the fight for equal rights for men and women was wrong and it would destroy the society. The boys were taught to be aggressive, masculine and strong-hearted. The girls were taught to become good mothers. They were supposed to rear pure-blooded Aryan children and maintain the purity of the race. They had to distance themselves from Jews, look after the home and over and above teach their children the Nazi values.
Q. 11. Describe any three reforms introduced by Czar Nicholas-II after the 1905 Revolution.
Ans.(i) Tsar Nicholas-II allowed the creation of an elected Consultative Parliament or Duma.
(ii) During the 1905 Revolution, there existed a large number of trade unions and factory committees made up of factory workers.
(iii) The voting laws were changed.
Q. 12. Write the basic ideology of Nazism.
Ans. (a) The Nazis were against democracy and socialism.
(b) They did not believe in racial equality but stressed on the superiority of the Aryan race.
(c) They glorified war, believing in the geo-political concept of Lebensraum of living space. This meant that new territories should be acquired for Germans to settle and make Germany a powerful nation.
Q. 13. How did Nazism become a mass movement?
Ans. Nazism became a mass movement in the following way:
(i) According to Nazism, only the strong should rule the world and the rest should accept the leadership of the strong.
(ii) Nazism believed in social hierarchy. In this belief, the Nordic German Aryans were at placed at the top and the jews at the lowest rug.
(iii) From the very beginning, the children were taught both inside and outside the school with the Nazi ideology of nationalism and war.
(iv) The women were treated as the bearers of Aryan culture and race.
Q. 14. When did the Second World War end in Europe?
Ans. (i) On May 2, 1945, Soviet armies entered Berlin and Hitler committed suicide.
(ii) Germany unconditionally surrendered on May 7, 1945.
(iii) All hostilities ended on May 9, 1945 at 12 noon in Europe.
Q. 15. Describe the main principles of Nazism.
Ans. Following were the main principles of Nazism:
(i) There was no equality between people, but only a racial hierarchy.
(ii) Hitler’ ideology was related to the geopolitical Concept of Lebensraum.
(iii) Jews were the worst sufferers in Nazi Germany.
(iv) Children in Nazi Germany were told that women were racially different from men.
(v) Women who bore racially undesirable children were punished and those who produced racially desirable children were awarded.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q. 1. “The Great Economic Depression of 1929-1932 began in the USA but it destroyed German economy.” How?
Ans. In 1929 the crash of the wall street Exchange set the economic crisis in the USA. To avoid fall in price. People made frantic efforts to sell their shares. Consequently, the factories shut down, banks became bank receipt, exports fell and the farmers were badly hit.
But Germany was badly hit by this economic crises. This country had fought the World War I largely on loans and had to pay in gold. When the gold reserves depleted in the country. Ger-many refused to pay loans. Hence, the France occupied its leading industrial area, Ruhe to claim their coal. Germany printed paper currency to over come this critical situation. But as their was too much paper money in circulation, the value of German mark fell and the prices of goods increased. This crisis in which Germans had to carry the Cartloads of currency notes to buy loaf of bread, was known as ‘hyper inflation.
Q. 2. What were the main effects of Nazi rule on Germany?
Ans. The victory of Nazism produced far reaching effects on Germany:
(i) Hitler tried to pull his country out of the economic crisis that had befallen on Germany as a result of her defeat in the First World War. Different types of industries were set up provide work to the workmen. Trade was encouraged with the same aim in mind.
(ii) Hitler inspired to make Germany a powerful country and enhanced her military power in all possible ways.
(iii) All political parties except the Nazi Party banned. And then a reign of terror was let loose in Germany. Assassinations of anti-Nazi leaders took place on a large scale.
(iv) The communist parties were also banned.
(v) Trade unions were suppressed.
Q. 3. What were the features of Nazism?
Ans. Following were the main features of Nazism:
(i) The crisis in the Germany’s economy, polity and society was used as the background by Adolf Hitler for rise to power. The German defeat horrified him and the Versailles Treaty made him furious. In 1919, he joined a small groups called the German Workers Party.
(ii) The Nazis could not effectively mobilize popular support till the early 1930s. It was during the mass movement. Nazi propaganda stirred hopes of a better future for collapsed banks and shut down business-houses, unemployed workers and for the middle class people.
(iii) Hitler was a powerful speaker. His passion and his words moved people. He promised to build a strong nation, undo the injustice of the Versailles Treaty (This treaty was hatred by most of Germans) and restore the dignity of the German people. He promised employment for those looking for work, and a secure future for the youth of Germany.
(iv) Adolf Hitler devised a new style of politics. He properly understood the importance of rituals and spectacle (which are liked by conservatives) in mobilizing people. He held massive rallies and public meetings to demonstrate his popularity and mass-support and instil a sense of unity among the people. The Red banners with the Swastika, the Nazi salute and the ritualized round of applause after the speeches were all parts of this spectacle of power.
(v) Hitler glorified extreme nationalism, colonialism, war, militarization and anti-trade union ideas. He clearly declared that he would not accept any terms of unjust Treaty of Versailles. After January, 1933 the entire fabric of democracy in Germany was shattered and Hitler’s dictatorship was established.
HOTS QUESTION
Q. 1. The Second World War was the most destructive war in history. Elaborate.
Ans. (i) There was a great loss of lives and property during the Second World War.
Thousands of civilian people were killed during the Second World War by the Germans. For example, during this war 60 lakh Jews, 2 lakh Gypsies, 10 lakh Polish people were killed. Apart this destruction 70000 Germans who were mentally and physically ill or unable were killed. The people were killed in inhuman way like in gas chambers or by poisonous gas.
(ii) Several cities, towns and villages of many countries lost their existence due to this war.
(iii) Two cities of Japan-Hiroshima and Nagasaki were eliminated.
(iv) A mad rule of bomb-manufacturing started among superpowers after this great war.
Q. 2. Explain the steps taken by Hitler to militarize Germany.
Ans. (i) Hitler began to rebuild the Army, Navy and Luftwaffe (Air Force) virtually from scratch.
(ii) In 1936, he sent his army to acquire the Rhineland. The western powers did not take any action.
(iii) Though this was in contravention of the terms of the Versailles Treaty, none of the Allied powers resisted as they were involved in their own domestic affairs.
(iv) Emboldened, Hitler articulated a new spirit of German expansionism in the east calling it the right to Lebensraum or right to living space for Germans.
(v) Thus Germany turned full circle within two decades of the end of the First World War and once again emerged as a threat to peace in Europe.
Q. 3. What is resistance movement? Name the countries that started resistance movements against German occupation.
Ans. (i) Resistance Movement meant including in sabotage and guerilla warfare against the Nazi occupiers.
(ii) This was started by Poland, Norway, Yogoslavia, Denmark, Czechoslovakia and France.
(iii) Marshall Tito of Yugoslavia and General de Gaulle of France contributed greatly to resisting the fascists in their countries.
Q. 4. What was the new style of politics devised by Hitler?
Ans. (a) He placed a lot of emphasis on rituals, propaganda and spectacles as weapons of mass mobilization.
(b) Red banners with the Swastika, Nazi salute and ritualized rounds of applause after the speeches were part of this spectacle of power.
(c) Nazi propaganda skillfully projected Hitler as a messiah, a savior and one who had come to deliver people from their distress.
PASSAGE BASED QUESTION
1. Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow:
In the spring of 1945, a little eleven-year-old German boy called Helmuth was lying in bed when he overheard his parents discussing something in serious tones. His father, a prominent physician, deliberated with his wife whether the time had come to kill the entire family, or if he should commit suicide alone. His father spoke about his fear of revenge, saying, ‘Now the Allies will do to us what we did to the crippled and Jews.’
(i) Who was Helmuth’s father?
(a) He was a democrat.
(b) He was a Nazi physician and supported Hitler.
(c) He was a Russian spy.
(d) He was a Jew.
Ans. (b) He was a Nazi physician and supported Hitler.
(ii) Who were the allies?
(a) The combined forces led by Germany and Japan.
(b) The combined forces led by Austria and France.
(c) The combined forces led by the UK and France and later joined by USSR and USA.
(d) The combined forces led by France and Germany.
Ans. (c) The combined forces led by the UK and France and later joined by USSR and USA.
(iii) The Helmuth family was under the fear of:
(a) growing demand for the foodgrains in France.
(b) need for the establishment of industries in France.
(c) dealing with the subsistence crisis.
(d) long wars and cost of maintaining an extravagant court that drained the royal treasury.
Ans. (d) long wars and cost of maintaining an extravagant court that drained the royal treasury.
(iv) In May 1945, Germany surrendered to the:
(a) Axis Power.
(b) Jews.
(c) Albes.
(d) protesters.
Ans. (c) Albes.
2. Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow:
In 1923, Hitler planned to seize control of Bavaria, march to Berlin and capture power. He failed, was arrested, tried for treason, and later released. The Nazis could not effectively mobilize popular support till the early 1930s. It was during the Great Depression that Nazism became a mass movement. As we have seen, after 1929, banks collapsed and businesses shut down, workers lost their jobs and the middle classes were threatened with destitution. In such a situation Nazi propaganda stirred hopes of a better future. In 1928, the Nazi Party got no more than 2. 6 per cent votes in the Reichstag- the German parliament. By 1932, it had become the largest party with 37 per cent votes.
(i) Name the party formed by Hitler.
(a) International Military Tribunal.
(b) National Assembly.
(c) Weimar Republic.
(d) ‘National Socialist German Workers’ Party or the Nazi Party’.
Ans. (d) ‘National Socialist German Workers’ Party or the Nazi Party’.
(ii) What formed the background to Hitler’s rise to power?
(a) The First World War, 1914.
(b) The Second World War, 1939.
(c) The crisis in the economy, polity and society in Germany.
(d) The US entry in the Second World War, 1945.
Ans. (c) The crisis in the economy, polity and society in Germany.
(iii) Hitler promised to weed out:
(a) axis powers from Germany.
(b) foreign influences and resist all foreign ‘conspiracies’ against Germany.
(c) allies from Germany.
(d) Great Depression from Germany.
Ans. (b) foreign influences and resist all foreign ‘conspiracies’ against Germany.
(iv) Under the Nazi propaganda Hitler was projected as:
(a) a great industrialist.
(b) a great soldier.
(c) someone who had arrived to deliver people from their distress.
(d) someone who can rule the world.
Ans. (c) someone who had arrived to deliver people from their distress.
3. Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow:
On 30 January 1933, President Hindenburg offered the Chancellorship, the highest position in the cabinet of ministers, to Hitler. By now the Nazis had managed to rally the conservatives to their cause. Having acquired power, Hitler set out to dismantle the structures of democratic rule. A mysterious fire that broke out in the German Parliament building in February facilitated his move. The Fire Decree of 28 February 1933 indefinitely suspended civic rights like freedom of speech, press and assembly that had been guaranteed by the Weimar constitution. Then he turned on his archenemies, the Communists, most of whom were hurriedly packed off to the newly established concentration camps.
(i) What major developments took place when Hitler attained the position of Chancellorship?
(a) The Great Depression engulfed Germany.
(b) The Fire Decree of 28 February 1933 indefinitely suspended civic rights like freedom of speech, press and assembly guaranteed by the Weimar constitution.
(c) Germany was forced to pay the war indemnity by the Allies.
(d) The National Assembly established a democratic constitution with a federal structure.
Ans. (b) The Fire Decree of 28 February 1933 indefinitely suspended civic rights like freedom of speech, press and assembly guaranteed by the Weimar constitution.
(ii) Concentration camps were places where:
(a) German troops were stationed.
(b) injured soldiers were brought for treatment.
(c) Jews and ‘undesirables’ were isolated and detained without due process of law.
(d) ethnic Germans brought in from occupied Europe were kept.
Ans. (c) Jews and ‘undesirables’ were isolated and detained without due process of law.
(iii) Which Act let to the establishment of dictatorship in Germany?
(a) The Treaty of Versailles, 1919.
(b) Proclamation of the Weimar Republic, 1918.
(c) Allied victory in Europe, 1945.
(d) The Enabling Act of 3rd March 1933.
Ans. (d) The Enabling Act of 3rd March 1933.
(iv) What was Hitler determined to do?
(a) Undo the injustice of the Versailles Treaty and restore the dignity of the German people.
(b) Invade USSR.
(c) Liberate Auschwitz.
(d) Eliminate German Nordic Aryans from Germany.
Ans. (a) Undo the injustice of the Versailles Treaty and restore the dignity of the German people.
