NCERT Class 9 Social Science Chapter 20 People As Resource

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NCERT Class 9 Social Science Chapter 20 People As Resource

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Also, you can read the NCERT book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) Book guidelines. CBSE Class 9 Social Science Solutions are part of All Subject Solutions. Here we have given NCERT Class 9 Social Science Chapter 20 People As Resource, NCERT Class 9 Social Science Textbook of India and The Contemporary World – I: History, Contemporary India -I: Geography, Democratic Politics – I: Political Science, Economics and Disaster Management. for All Chapters, You can practice these here.

People As Resource

Chapter: 20

ECONOMICS

NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

LET’S DISCUSS 

Q. Looking at the photograph given below can you explain how a doctor, teacher, engineer and a tailor are an asset to the economy?

Ans.

LET’S DISCUSS

Story of Sakal

There are two friends Vilas and Sakal living in the same village Semapur, Sakal was a twelve-year old boy. His mother Sheela looked after domestic chores. His father Buta Chaudhary worked in an agricultural field. Sakal helped his mother in domestic chores. He also looked after his younger brother Jeetu and sister Seetu. His uncle Shyam had passed the matriculation examination, but, was sitting idle in the house as he had no job. Buta and Sheela were eager to teach Sakal. They forced him to join the village school which he soon joined. He started studying and completed his higher secondary examination. His father persuaded him to continue his studies. He raised a loan for Sakal to study a vocational course in computers. Sakal was meritorious and interested in studies from the beginning. With great vigour and enthusiasm he completed his course. After some time he got a job in a private firm. He even designed a new kind of software. This software helped him increase the sale of the firm. His boss acknowledged his services and rewarded him with a promotion. 

Story of Vilas

Vilas was an eleven year old boy residing in the same village as Sakal. Villas’s father Mahesh was a fisherman. His father passed away when he was only two years old. His mother Geeta sold fish to earn money to feed the family. She bought fish from the landowner’s pond and sold it in the nearby mandi. She could earn only Rs. 20 to 30 a day by selling fish. Vilas became a patient of arthritis. His mother could not afford to take him to the doctor. He could not go to school either. He was not interested in studies. He helped his mother in cooking and also looked after his younger brother Mohan. After some time his mother fell sick and there was no one to look after her. There was no one in the family to support them. Vilas, too was forced to sell fish in the same village. He like his mother earned only a meager income.

Q. Do you notice any difference between the two friends? What are these? Remember the stories of Sakal and Vilas given above and see the picture given below.

Ans. Yes, I see difference between two friends.

Difference between Sakal and Vilas

ACTIVITY

Q. Visit a nearby village or slum area and write down a case study of a boy or girl of your age facing the same condition as Vilas and Sakal.

Ans. I visited a nearby slum area last Sunday. I found the boys playing in the street. I had a talk to one of them. His name was Jeetu. Jeetu was fourteen years old. He belonged to a poor family. His father was drunkard. His main activity was to white wash the houses. He went to his job occasionally.

His wife was freed to do the petty jobs in other houses such as washing the utensils and clothes. He had three daughters and one son Jeetu. One daughter used to go to school. Other two daughters were too young to go to school. Jeetu never went to school. He had a bad company. He often smoked and some time he had a drink. He was careless boy. He roamed here and there and did nothing worthwhile.

LET’S DISCUSS

• Activity

Visit a village or colony located near to your residential area and note down the various activities undertaken by the people of that village or colony.

If this is not possible, ask your neighbor what is their profession? In which of the three sectors will you categorize their work?

Ans. I asked my neighbor and came to know that they are doing the following professions:

(i) Mr. Rakesh is a farmer.

(ii) Mr. Sohan Lal works in a bank.

(iii) Mr Subhash works in a factory.

Thus the work of Rakesh, Sohan Lal and Subhash will be categorized in the primary sector, tertiary sector and secondary sector respectively.

Q. Say whether these activities are economic or non-economic activities.

• Vilas sells the fish in the village market. 

• Vilas cooks food for his family.

• Sakal works in the private firm.

• Sakal looks after his younger brother and sister.

Ans.

LET’S DISCUSS

Study the graph and answer the following questions: 

1. Has the literacy rates of the population increased since 1951?

Ans. Yes.

2. In which year India has the highest literacy rates?

Ans. In 2001.

3. Why literacy rate is high among the males of India?

Ans. Because of their education in regular form. 

4. Why are women less educated than men?

Ans. Because of their education in irregular form and sometimes no education.

5. How would you calculate literacy rate in India?

Ans. 5. Literacy rate is calculated by dividing the number of literary persons and 100 with total population. In other words

Literacy rate = No.of literary persons / Total population x 100

6. What is your projection about India’s literacy rate in 2010?

Ans. My projection about India’s literacy rate in 2010 is 80%.

ACTIVITY

Count the number of boys and girls studying in your school in your neighboring co-education school.

Ask the school administration to provide you with the data of boys and girls studying in your class below 5 years and 10 years. Study the difference any and explain it in the class.

Ans. Students are requested to do it with the help of their teachers.

LET’S DISCUSS 

Q. Discuss this table in the classroom and answer the following questions:

Number of Institutions of Higher Education, Enrolment and Faculty Year

Source: UGC Annual Report 1996-97 and 1998-99 and Selected Educational Statistics, Ministry of HRD.

1. Is the increase in number of colleges adequate to admit the increasing number of students?

Ans. No. The increase in number of colleges is not adequate to admit the increasing number of students. The increase in the number of students is 7154000 (7417006-263000) whereas the increase in the number of colleges is 10339 (11039-750).

2. Do you think we should have more number of universities?

Ans. Yes, we should have more number of universities to encourage higher education in India.

3. What is the increase noticed among the teachers in the year 1998-99?

Ans. The number of teachers increased from 24000 in 1950-51 to 3,42,000 in 1998-99 i.e., the increase was 3,18,000 (3,42,000-24000).

4. What is your idea about future colleges and universities?

Ans. It is expected that there will be increase in colleges and universities particularly vocational colleges.

LET’S DISCUSS

Study the table and answer the following questions: Health infrastructure over the years

SC: Sub Centre, PHC: Primary Health Centre, CHC: Community Health Centre.

Source: National Health Policy, 2002.

1. What is the percentage increase in dispensaries and hospitals from 1951 to 2001?

Ans. Percentage increase in dispensaries from 1951 to 2001

= 43323-9209 / 9209 × 100 = 370.43%

2. What is the percentage increase in doctors and nursing personnel from 1951 to 2001?

Ans. Percentage increase in doctor

= 503900-61800 / 61800 × 100 = 715 app.

Percentage increase in nursing personnel from 1951 to 2001

= 737000-18054 / 18054 × 100 = 718946 / 18054 × 100 = 3982% app.

3. Do you think the increase in the number of doctors and nurses is adequate for India? If not, why?

Ans. No, the increase in the number of doctors and nurses are not adequate for India. The reason is that the rate of these to the total population of the country is very low. Moreover the population of India is growing rapidly.

4. What other facilities would you like to provide in a hospital?

Ans. I would like that following facilities should be provided in the hospitals with additional doctors:

(i) X-ray machines. 

(ii) Ambulance. 

(iii) Advance equipments. 

(iv) Mobile health check up van. 

(v) Ultrasound. 

(vi) MRI. 

(vii) Nutritive food. 

(viii) Awareness about family planning.

5. Discuss about the hospital you have visited.

Ans. I have visited the hospital nearby my residential area. 

There I found:

(i) Long ques of patients. 

(ii) Shortage of doctors. 

(iii) Shortage of nursing personnel. 

(iv) Outdated machines.

6. Can you draw a graph using this table?

Ans. Graph

ACTIVITY

Q. Visit a nearby hospital, either government or private and note-down the following details:

(i) How many beds are there in the hospital you have visited?

Ans. There are 20 beds in the hospital I have visited.

(ii) How many doctors are there in the hospital?

Ans. There are 15 doctors in the hospital.

(iii) How many nurses work in that hospital?

Besides try together the following additional information:

Ans. Twenty-eight nurses work there.

(iv) How many hospitals are there in your locality?

Ans. There is only one hospital in our locality. 

(v) How many dispensaries are there in your locality?

Ans. There are two dispensaries in our locality.

EXERCISE

Q. 1. What do you understand by ‘people as a resource?

Ans. People as resource: People as a resource meant a country’s working people having productive skills and abilities. People as a resource contribute to the creation of the National product. People as a resource is the positive side of a large population. Like other factors of production, it is also a factor of production. It is the positive aspect of population.

Q. 2. How is human resource different from other resources like, land and physical capital?

Ans. Difference between human resource and other resources:

Q. 3. What is the role of education in human capital formation?

Ans. Role of education in human capital formation: Education is the most important component of human resource development. It implies ability of poor people to read, write and understand. Its role in human capital formation is very important as it is clear from the following points:

1. Education improves upon the level of understanding. 

2. It opens new scope for the people, provides new aspiration.

3. It develops values of life, aptitudes, knowledge and skill.

4. It modifies/improves human behavior.

5. It adds to the quality of life. 

6. It enhances the total productivity of a labour.

7. It prevents a person from bad habits like gambling, drinking etc.

8. It develops personality.

9. It promotes rational and scientific outlook for the solution of problems faced by the country. 

Q. 4. What is the role of health in human capital formation?

Or

What part does health play in the individual’s working life?

Ans. Role of health in human capital formation: Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. It does not mean absence of disease rather it means favourable condition of physical and mental well-being. Health plays an important role in human capital formation. A person’s ability to work continuously depends largely on health.

Health is an indispensable basis for realizing one’s well-being. The health of a person helps him to realize his potential and the ability to fight illness. Good health enhances the quality of life. Health is the yard-stick of one’s well-being. Efficiency of workers depends considerably on their health. Workers whose health is not good and fall sick quite often cannot do their jobs efficiently. Their efficiency therefore, remains low. Good health contributes to the quality of life. Improved health contributes to economic growth in many ways.

Q. 5. What are the various activities undertaken in the primary sector, secondary sector and the tertiary sector?

Ans. Various activities undertaken with three sectors: Various activities undertaken may be classified under three  sectors namely 

(i) Primary sector. 

(ii) Secondary sector. and 

(iii) Tertiary sector.

1. Primary Sector: This sector includes agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, poultry farming and mining. 

2. Secondary Sector: This sector includes quarrying and manufacturing.

3. Tertiary Sector: This sector includes services like trade, transport, communication, banking, education, health, tourism, insurance etc.

VARIOUS ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN UNDER THREE SECTORS

Q. 6. Why are women employed in low paid work?

Ans. Women employed in low paid work due to following reasons:

1. For high work paid, high education is required. But a majority of women have meager paid work due to meager education. 

2. Training and skill is also required for responsible post which are highly paid up. Women tre generally unskilled and untrained. So they are employed in low paid jobs.

3. Some high paid worker need physical strength but women are physically weak and they cannot do as much physical work as men can do. So they are employed low paid work.

4. Women cannot be as regular as men in their duties as they are more attached home duties. So they cannot perform duty regularly and sincerely as men can do.

Q. 7. How will you explain the term unemployment?

Ans. Unemployment: Unemployment is said to exists when people who are willing to work at the giving wages cannot find jobs. Unemployment in a country refers to that situation wherein large number of working population is willing to work at the existing rate of wages but due to several reasons they fail to get any work. The working population includes people from 15 to 59 years. Boys and girls below the age of 15 years and men and women above the age of 59 do not fall in the category of working population.

The term employment is further explained with the help of two examples:

1. Willing to work at prevalent wage-rate: Only that man will be called unemployed, who is willing to work at the going wage cannot find jobs. The man who is not willing to work and does not find job will not termed as an unemployed person.

For example, Sakal’s mother Sheela looks after her domestic chores and helps her husband. She is not willing to work outside her domestic domain for payment. She will not be called unemployed as she is not willing to work for payment.

2. Age under 15 years to 59 years: Rama and Sila are 10 years and 14 years old. Their grand father is 61 years old. They do not fall within the age group of 15-59. So they cannot called be unemployed.

Q. 8. What is difference between disguised unemployment and seasonal unemployment? 

Ans. Difference between disguised unemployment and seasonal unemployment: Disguised unemployment means that number of workers engaged in a job is more than actually required to accomplish it. If some of them are withdrawn from the job the total production will not be affected. Here people appear to be employed. This actually happens among family members engaged in agricultural activity. Suppose the agricultural activity requires the service of five people, but eight people are engaged in that activity, the three people are disguisedly unemployed.

On the other hand seasonal unemployment happens when people are not able to find jobs during some months of a year. People dependent on agriculture usually face such kind of problem as agriculture is a seasonal activity. Crops are grown according to the season. During off season, the farm workers are rendered idle.

Q. 9. Why is educated unemployed a peculiar problem in India? 

Ans. Educated Unemployment problem in India: India is facing many problems. One of them is the problem of educated unemployment. It has become a common problem in urban areas. Many youth with matriculation and post graduation degree are not able to find job.

This problem has become peculiar in following ways: 

1. There is unemployment among technically qualified persons on one hand while there is dearth of technical skills required for economic growth. 

2. Unemployment of graduate and post-graduate has increased faster than among matriculates.

3. Surplus of manpower in certain categories co-exist with shortage of manpower in other categories.

Q. 10. In which field do you think India can build the maximum employment opportunity?

Ans. I think that India can hold the maximum employment in the manufacturing sector i.e., secondary sector. In the secondary sector small scale manufacturing is the most labour absorbing. In the case tertiary sector, various new services are now appearing like biotechnology, information technology and so on. 

Q. 11. Can you suggest some measures in the education system to mitigate the problem of educated unemployed?

Ans. Measures in education system to mitigate the problem of educated unemployed: Following measures may be suggested with regard to education system to mitigate the problem of educated unemployed: 

1. Education system should be made employment oriented.

2. It should be made more closely to the life of people. 

3. An education plan should be prepared in such a way that the educated youth do not face the problem of unemployment. 

4. The students should be made aware and encouraged about self-employment. 

5. Quality of education should be improved. 

6. Institutions providing employment information and guidance should be strengthened .

Q. 12. Can you imagine some villages which initially had no job opportunities but later on came up with many?

Ans. Yes, we can imagine some villages which initially had no job opportunities but later on with many. I have been told my grandfather that he was born in very small village that had no job opportunities. He was to go to the nearby city/town to purchase the readymade garments, shoes, etc. He use to the nearby town to sell the surplus grains and use to buy seeds, manure, etc. from there. But with the changing time many changes have taken place in his village.

Most of them have been on time below:

1. Primary school has been opened their village. Many teachers teach there. Now villagers attend the school.

2. Some training centers have been started in the villages. The girls of the villages get training in tailoring there. 

3. A rich farmer have started a sugarcane g crushing factory in the village. Villagers have been employed in that factory.

4. One villager have established a computer center there. He have been employed to graduate computer in an institution.

Q. 13. Which capital would you consider and the best-land, labour, physical capital and human capital? Why?

Ans. Land, labour, physical capital and human capital are the four factors of production. All are required for producing goods and services. Production is not possible without any one of these factors of production. Out of these factors, human capital is the best. Following are the reasons for its being best:

1. Human capital is an active factor of production whereas other factors are passive. 

2. It is human capital which produces the goods and services by combining the other three factors of production.

SOME OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION 

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 

Q. 1. Investment in human capital can be made through:

(a) education. 

(b) training.

(c) medical care.

(d) all of the above.

Ans. (d) all of the above.

Q. 2. Which one of the following is considered important to create a ‘virtuous gele’ by the parents? 

(a) To send their children to the school.

(b) To take care of the health and education of their children.

(c) To join their children in corporate schools.

(d) To provide goods food to their children. 

Ans. (b) To take care of the health and education of their children. 

Q. 3. If a person cannot find jobs during me months of the year, which type of employment is this called? 

(a) Structural unemployment.

(b) Cyclical unemployment.

(c) Seasonal unemployment. 

(d) None of these.

Ans. (c) Seasonal unemployment.

Q. 4. Which of the following is a primary activity?

(a) Manufacturing.

(b) Banking. 

(c) Fishing.

(d) Education.

Ans. (c) Fishing.

Q. 5. Which is the most literate state in India? 

(a) Bihar.

(b) Kerala. 

(c) Goa.

(d) Assam.

Ans. (b) Kerala.

Q. 6. What was the life expectancy in India in the cecensus year 2011?

(a) 44 years.

(b) 54 years. 

(c) 70 years.

(d) 74 years.

Ans. (c) 70 years.

Q. 7. Which of the following is not a tertiary activity?

(a) Transport.

(b) Tourism. 

(c) Manufacturing.

(d) Health.

Ans. (c) Manufacturing.

Q. 8. In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and those the correct option.

Assertion (A): Health policy aims at improving the accessibility of healthcare, family Welfare and nutritional service with a special focus on the underprivileged segment of the population.

Reason (R): The health of a person helps him to realise his/her potential and the ability to fight illness.

Options:

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

(b) Both (A) and (B) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. 

(d) (A) is false but (R) is true. 

Ans. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Q. 9. In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and chose the correct option. 

Assertion (A): The activities in the tertiary sector add value to the national income. 

Reason (R): It includes agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry farming, mining and quarrying.

Options:

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). 

(b) (A) is true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

(c) (A) is true but (R) is false.

(d) (A) is false but (R) is true.

Ans. (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.

Q. 10. In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and chose the correct option. 

Assertion (A): For many decades in India, a large population has been considered an asset rather than a liability. 

Reason (R): A large population need not be a burden for the economy. It can be turned into productive asset by investment in human capital. 

Options:

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

(b) (A) is true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). 

(c) (A) is true but (R) is false.

(d) (A) is false but (R) is true.

Ans. (d) (A) is false but (R) is true. 

Q. 11. In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and chose the correct option.

Assertion (A): Agriculture is the most labour absorbing sector of the economy.

Reason (R): Various new services like biotechnology, information technology and so on are now appearing in the tertiary sector.

Options:

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. 

(d) (A) is false but (R) is true.

Ans. (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Q. 12. In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and chose the correct option.

Assertion (A): Moreover, the employment structure is characterized by self-employment in the secondary sector.

Reason (R): The whole family contributes in the field as they are really needed.

Options:

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

(b) Both (A) and (B) are false.

(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. 

(d) (A) is false but (R) is true.

Ans. (b) Both (A) and (B) are false.

Fill in the Blanks:

(i) _________ is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.

Ans. Health.

(ii) _________ sector includes agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, poultry farming and mining.

Ans. Primary.

(iii) _________ are the valuable things of the country.

Ans. Assets.

(iv) Shifting of labourers from rural area to the urban areas in search of work is known as __________.

Ans. migration.

(v) __________ activities include production of goods or services including government services. 

Ans. Market.

True and False:

(i) Educated Unemployment is a situation when the educated men do not find suitable jobs.

Ans. True.

(ii) Education is the least important component of human resource development.

Ans. False.

(iii) Both the seasonal and disguised types of unemployment exist in the rural areas.

Ans. True.

(iv) Various new services like biotechnology, information technology etc. are appearing in tertiary sector.

Ans. True.

(v) Seasonal Unemployment refers to that situation in which there is no work in particular season.

Ans. True.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q. 1. How are people an asset?

Ans. Assets are the valuable things of the country. The healthy, educated, skilled and technologically qualified people are often considered as the assets of the country. Hence, they are assets.

Q. 2. List the factors which influence the quality of population.

Ans. The factors which influence the quality of population are listed below:

(i) Literacy.

(ii) Education. 

(iii) Technical skill.

Q. 3. What are accepted average calories required in India in the urban areas?

Ans. The accepted average calories required in India in the urban areas is 2100 calories per person.

Q. 4. List the fields in which investment increases the production capacity of the country.

Ans. The fields in which investment increases the production capacity of the country are listed below:

(i) Land. 

(ii) Physical capital. and 

(iii) Human capital.

Q. 5. What does the project, ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’ desire to achieve?

Ans. The project Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan desires to achieve the elementary education p to class VIII for all.

Q. 6. What does the term ‘vocational education’ mean?

Ans. The term ‘vocational education’ means training for a specific vocation. Such education increases the possibility of getting employment.

Q. 7. State the sector of Indian economy which absorbs the maximum labour force. 

Ans. Agriculture in India is such economic sector which absorbs the maximum labour force.

Q. 8. What do you understand by the term ‘National Income’?

Ans. It is a sum of total income of goods and services produced in a country during a financial year.

Q. 9. Define ‘migration’.

Ans. Shifting of labourers from rural area to the urban areas in search of work is known as migration.

Q. 10. What was the literacy rate of India in 2009?

Ans. The literacy rate of India in 2009 was 65%. 

Q. 11. What type of unemployment exist in rural areas?

Ans. Both the seasonal and disguised types of unemployment exist in the rural areas.

Q. 12. What kind of people are the liability for the economy of a country? 

Ans. Unhealthy kind of people are the liability for the economy of a country.

Q. 13. What basic facilities are absent in unorganized sector of employment?

Ans. The basic facilities such as maternity leave, childcare and other social security systems are absent in an unorganised sector.

Q. 14. State three kinds of people who are considered to be an asset of the country?

Ans. Three kinds of people who are considered to be an asset of the country are listed below:

(i) Doctors.

(ii) Engineers. and 

(iii) Teachers.

Q. 15. State the factors on which the quality of population depends upon.

Ans. The quality of population depends upon the following factors:

(i) The literacy rate. 

(ii) The healthy people and. in 

(iii) The formation required by the people of the country.

Q. 16. State the health points our national policy puts much emphasis on. 

Ans. The health points our national policy parta much emphasis on are stated below:

(i) Health care. 

(ii) Family welfare. and 

(iii) Nutritional services.

Q. 17. What does unemployment mean? 

Ans. When a man does not get work for a longer period of time, it means that he is suffering from unemployment. Besides, it is the wastage of human resources. 

Q. 18. Who is a literate person?

Ans. The person who is 15 years old and above and who can understand, read and write a short and simple statement in his daily life, is considered to be a literate person.

Q. 19. Which sector includes agriculture and animal husbandry? 

Ans. Agriculture and animal husbandry are included in primary sector.

Q. 20. Which age group persons are included to the work force population of India?

Ans. The people from 15 to 50 years of age are included to the work force population of India.

Q. 21. Why have vocational streams been developed?

Ans. Vocational streams have been developed to equip large number of high school students with occupations related to knowledge and skills.

Q. 22. Why is it essential for the parents to create ‘virtuous cycle’?

Ans. ‘Virtuous cycle’ means to take care of the health and education of children. So, it is essential for them.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q. 1. What do you mean by quality of Population? On what does it depend? liability. Which type of people are a liability?

Ans. Quality of population: means being the asset of country, its being able to contribute to the creation of the Gross National Product. The quality of population decides the growth rate of the country.

Quality of population depends upon the health of a person, life expectancy, skill femation acquired and the literacy rate.

Illiterate and unhealthy people are a liability.

Q. 2. Explain briefly the economic activities undertaken by men and women.

Ans. Economic activities undertaken by men and women: Men and women are engaged in various economic activities. These activities have been classified into three main and sector:

(i) Primary. 

(ii) Secondary.

(iii) Tertiary.

Primary sector includes agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry farming and mining. Quarrying and manufacturing is included in the secondary sector. Trade, transport, communication, banking, education, health, tourism, services, insurance etc. are included in the tertiary sector. Economic activities result into the production of goods and services. They add value to the national income.

Economic activities have two parts- 

(i) Market activities. and 

(ii) Non-market activities.

Market activities: involve remuneration to any one who performs activity for pay or profit. These include production of goods and services (Private and Government).

Non-market activities: are the production for themselves. These can be consumption and processing of primary product and own account production of fixed assets.

Q. 3. What is the negative aspect of a large population? Which aspect of it is often over looked? Since how long has the negative aspect of a large population been considered?

Ans. The negative aspect of a large population is a liability. Its positive aspect is often over looked. Its positive aspect is an asset. For many decades its negative aspect (i.e. a liability) has been considered.

Q. 4. Differentiate between virtuous cycle and vicious cycle created by parents. 

Ans. Virtuous cycle is created by educated parents. They are found to invest more heavily on the education of their children. They have realized the importance of education themselves. They are conscious of proper nutrition and hygiene. On the other hand a vicious cycle may be created by disadvantage parents who are themselves uneducated and lacking in hygiene. They do not invest on the education of their children. They are also not conscious of proper nutrition and hygiene. They keep their in a disadvantaged state.

Q. 5. Japan does not have any natural resource. In Spite of this fact, it is a developed/rich country. How?

Ans. Japan has become a developed country because she has invested on people especially in the field of education and health. She imports the natural resources needed by her. The healthy and educated people of Japan have made efficient use of other resources like land and capital. Efficiency and technology evolved by people have made this country developed/rich.

Q. 6. What steps have been taken by the government to improve the literacy scenario?

Ans. Following steps have been taken by the government to improve the literacy scenario:

1. A provision has been made for providing universal access, retention and quality in education with a special emphasis on girls.

2. Pace setting schools like Navodaya Vidyalaya have been established in each district.

3. Vocational streams have been developed to large number of high school students with occupations related to knowledge and skill. 

Q. 7. What are main features of unorganised sector?

Ans. Following are main features of unorganized sector: 

1. Employees of this sector have meager education and low skill formation.

2. In this sector, there is no job security.

3. Various activities relating to legal protection is meagre. 

4. Employment in this sector is irregular. 

5. Employees are low paid.

6. In this sector, there is an absence of basic facilities like maternity leave, child care and other social security systems.

Q. 8. Define economic activities. What are the various activities undertaken in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors?

Or

Write the activities of people in the colony near your house and divide them into three sectors. 

Ans. Employment Scenario in India: There are three sectors-Primary sector, secondary sector and tertiary sector.

1. Primary sector: It is the most labour absorbing sector of India. In recent years, there has been a decline in the dependence of population on agriculture. Some of the surplus labour in agriculture has moved to either secondary or the tertiary sector. 

2. Secondary sector: In the secondary sector, small scale manufacturing is the most labour-absorbing. 

3. Tertiary sector: In this sector, various new services like biotechnology, information technology etcare appearing.

Q. 9. How many parts are there of economic activities? Name them. Also differentiate between them.

Ans. Parts of economic activities: There are two parts of economic activities-

1. Market are activities. and 

2. Non-market activities.

Difference between Market activities and Non-Market activities

Q. 10. Unemployment has a determi-nant impact on the overall growth of an economy. Explain the statement.

Or

Write down the consequences of unemployment.

Or

Write down the disadvantages of unemployment.

Ans. Consequences of unemployment: Following are the consequences of unemployment: 

1. Unemployment leads to wastage of manpower resource.

2. People who are an asset for the economy turn into liability. 

3. It leads to the feeling of helpless and despair among the youth.

4. Inability of educated people who are willing to work to find gainful employment implies a great social waste.

5. It tends to increase economic overload.

6. It adversely affects the quality of life of an individual as well as society.

7. It leads to general decline in health status. 

8. It leads to rising withdrawal from the school systems.

9. It has detrimental impact on the overall growth of an economy. 

10. Increase in unemployment is an indicator of a depressed economy.

11. It also wastes the resources which could have been gainfully employed.

Q. 11. Write down the main types of unemployment in India. 

Ans.

(A) Rural Unemployment: Unemployment existing in the rural sector is known as rural Unemployment. It is of two types 

1. Seasonal unemployment. 

2. Disguised unemployment.

1. Seasonal Unemployment: It refers to that situation in which there is no work in a particular season as a result the workers are rendered unemployed.

2. Disguised Unemployment: It is a situation when the numbers of workers engaged in a job is much more than actually required. If some of them are withdrawn from the job, total production will not fall.

(B) Urban Unemployment: Unemploy- ment existing in urban areas is known as urban unemployment. It is of two types-

1. Educated unemployment. and 

2. Industrial unemploy-ment.

1. Educated Unemployment: It is that situation under which educated persons do not find suitable job.

2. Industrial Unemployment: It is a situation in which a worker is willing to work in the industry at existing rate of wages, but due to less development of industries, he fails to get work.

Q. 12. Describe the advantages of investment in human capital.

Ans. Advantages of investment in human capital: Investment in human capital is made through education, training and medical services. Following are the advantages of investment in human capital:

1. Increase in production: Investment in human capital through education, training and health services make it more productive which leads to higher income. Educated, trained and healthy people earn higher income because of higher productivity.

2. Gain to society: Not only the more educated and the healthier people gain through higher incomes, society also gains in other ways, because the advantages of a more educated or healthier population spreads to these also who themselves were not directly educated or given health care.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q. 1. What do you understand by disguised unemployment? Explain. 

Ans. Disguised Unemployment: Disguised unemployment exists when Marginal Physical Productivity of labour is zero or sometimes it becomes negative. In India, disguise unemployment is 25% to 30%.

Disguised unemployment is a common feature in agriculture, where more than required persons have been engaged in the cultivation of the same plot.

It is a sort of underemployment. It arises when more than the required number of people engage themselves in particular job. Disguised unemployment is the common feature of backward and developing economies.

Important features of disguised unemployment are as under:

(i) Marginal physical productivity of labour is zero.

(ii) There is disguised unemployment among wage earners.

(iii) Disguised unemployment is invisible.

(iv) It is different from industrial unemployment.

Q. 2. What is the importance of a rational education system for a country like India?

Ans. Importance of a rational education system is summarized herewith:

(i) It modifies our behavior.

(ii) It produces skilled and trained workers.

(iii) It promotes science and technology and develops scientific outlook.

(iv) It enlarge mental horizon of people.

(v) Education modernizes the attitude and behaviors of the people.

(vi) Education develops personality.

(vii) Education generates sense of national  consciousness and provides sound structure for rapid economic growth.

Q. 3. What is the mid-day meal scheme? Explain its purpose.

Ans. The mid-day meal scheme was started to provide a cooked mid-day meal on every school day with nutritional content of 450 calories, 12 gms proteins and other micro nutrients to all children studying in classes I-V in Government, Local Body and Government aided schools etc. The basic purpose of this scheme was to improve enrolment, retention and attendance of the children in school and simultaneously improving nutritional levels among them.

This encouraged poor children, belonging to disadvantaged sections, to attend school more regularly and help them concentrate on classroom activities. An additional purpose was to provide nutritional support to children of primary classes in drought affected areas during summer vacation.

HOTS QUESTION

Q. 1. What is the role of education in human capital formation?

Ans. Education plays a significant and very vital role in human capital formation because education helps the humans to achieve and realize their full potential and achieve success in life in the form of higher incomes earned through better jobs and higher productivity. Education helps the people by broadening their knowledge and providing them training.

Q. 2. Why do you think human capital is the best in spite of land, labour and physical capital?

Ans. We shall consider human capital as the best because:

Land, being fixed cannot be expanded. Physical capital is itself man-made. It requires vast resources and cannot be increased beyond certain limit. Human capital can be developed to any extent and its return can be multiplied many times. Physical capital is generated, managed and controlled by human capital. Human capital not only works for himself but also activates other sources. Human capital is indispensable factor of production.

PASSAGE BASID QUESTIONS 

1. Read the given passage and answer he questions that follow:

Investment in human capital (through education, training, medical care) yields a return just like investment in physical capital. This can be seen directly in the form of higher incomes earned because of higher productivity of the more educated or the better trained persons, as well as the higher productivity of healthier people.

(i) When does population become a resource or human capital?

(a) When people get employed.

(b) When people do non-economic activities. 

(c) When people are dependent on others.

(d) When there is investment made in the form of education, training and medical care.

Ans. (d) When there is investment made in the form of education, training and medical care.

(ii) What do you mean by ‘People as resource’? 

(a) It refers to a country’s population below the age of 10 years.

(b) It refers to a country’s working people in terms of their productive skills and abilities.

(c) It refers to a country’s population above the age of 21 years.

(d) It refers to a country’s population above the age of 65 years.

Ans. (b) It refers to a country’s working people in terms of their productive skills and abilities.

(iii) What do you mean by ‘human capital formation’?

(a) When too many children take birth.

(b) When population growth is controlled. 

(c) When the existing ‘human resource’ is further developed by becoming more educated and healthy that adds to the productive power of the country.

(d) When much stress is given to the education of children.

Ans. (c) When the existing ‘human resource’ is further developed by becoming more educated and healthy that adds to the productive power of the country.

(iv) What is the positive side of a large Population?

(a) It increases the density of population of an area. 

(b) It contributes to Gross National Product. 

(c) It contributes to increase in demand for food.

(d) It allows much spending on their development. 

Ans. (b) It contributes to Gross National Product.

2. Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow: 

Countries, like Japan, have invested in human resource. They did not have any natural resource. These countries are developed/rich. They import the natural resource needed in their country. How did they become rich/ developed? They have invested on people, especially in the field of education and health. These people have made efficient use of other resources, like land and capital. Efficiency and the technology evolved by people have made these countries rich/developed.

(i) Education helps individuals to: 

(a) turn them into a liability.

(b) make better use of the economic opportunities available before them.

(c) demand for more resources.

(d) take up low wages jobs.

Ans. (b) make better use of the economic opportunities available before them.

(ii) The literacy rate is high among men and less among women in India because:

(a) girls are more inclined to household chores.

(b) people prefer to invest more on the education of their son’s rather than on their daughters.

(c) women are considered as a liability and by marrying them people think they have fulfilled their responsibilities. 

(d) both A and C.

Ans. (d) both A and C.

(iii) There is a division of labour between men and women in the family because of:

(a) religious reasons where women are not allowed to go out for work. 

(b) political reasons where women are not allowed to participate.

(c) historical and cultural reasons where women generally look after domestic chores and men work in the fields.

(d) economic reasons where women are treated as unproductive.

Ans. (c) historical and cultural reasons where women generally look after domestic chores and men work in the fields. 

(iv) How is human capital superior to other resources?

(a) Human beings are strong.

(b) Human beings they do not need any investment in increasing their efficiency.

(c) Human beings possess greater life expectancy.

(d) Other resources can be developed only by human beings with their skills and knowledge.

Ans. (d) Other resources can be developed only by human beings with their skills and knowledge. 

3. Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow:

In case of India, statistically, the unemployment rate is low. A large number of people represented with low income and productivity are counted as employed. They appear to work throughout the year but in terms of their potential and income, it is not adequate for them. The work that they are pursuing seems forced upon them. They may therefore want other work of their choice. Poor people cannot afford to sit idle. They tend to engage in any activity irrespective of its earning potential. Their earning keeps them on a bare subsistence level.

(i) Unemployment is a situation when:

(a) people do not wish to work. 

(b) people who are willing to work at the going wages cannot find jobs.

(c) people have work but are paid less. 

(d) people who work for themselves.

Ans. (b) people who are willing to work at the going wages cannot find jobs.

(ii) Which of the following is a unique feature of disguised unemployment?

(a) The work done by the people is seasonal in nature. 

(b) The people who work are not counted in the work force population.

(c) The work that requires the service of five people engages eight people. 

(d) The people who are not willing to work outside their domestic domain for payment. 

Ans. (c) The work that requires the service of five people engages eight people. 

(iii) Unemployment leads to:

(a) a feeling of hopelessness and despair among the youth.

(b) wastage of man-power resource and turn people into a liability.

(c) increased economic overload. 

(d) all of the above.

Ans. (d) all of the above. 

(iv) In which field, do you think, India can build the maximum employment opportunities?

(a) In the secondary sector like small scale manufacturing.

(b) In the tertiary sector like banking.

(c) In the primary sector like agriculture. 

(d) In the domestic sector like caring children.

Ans. (a) In the secondary sector like small scale manufacturing.