NIOS Class 12 Computer Science Chapter 22 Fundamental of Data Structure

NIOS Class 12 Computer Science Chapter 22 Fundamental of Data Structure Solutions English Medium As Per New Syllabus. to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse throughout different chapters NIOS Class 12 Computer Science Chapter 22 Fundamental of Data Structure Notes and select need one. NIOS Class 12 Computer Science Question Answers Download PDF. NIOS Study Material of Class 12 Computer Science Notes Paper 330.

NIOS Class 12 Computer Science Chapter 22 Fundamental of Data Structure

Also, you can read the NIOS book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) Book guidelines. These solutions are part of NIOS All Subject Solutions. Here we have given NIOS Class 12 Computer Science Textbook Solutions, NIOS Senior Secondary Course Computer Science Notes for All Chapter, You can practice these here.

Fundamental of Data Structure

Chapter: 22

Module – 4: Database Concepts, Web Designing

INTEXT QUESTIONS 22.1 

1. Differentiate between the following: 

(a) Data and Information.

Ans: The differences between data and information are: 

Data	Information
The word “data” is the plural of datum which means fact, observation, assumption or occurrence.	information can be defined as data that has been transformed into a meaningful and useful form for specific purposes.

(b) Data processing and Data processing system.

Ans: 

Data processing	Data processing system
Data processing is the process through which facts and figures are collected, assigned meaning, communicated further and retained for future use. It is a series of actions or operations that converts data into useful information.	data processing system,we include the resources that are used to accomplish the processing of data.

2. Define the following terms briefly: 

(a) Sorting. 

Ans: Sorting involves the arrangement of data items in a desired sequence. Usually, it is easier to work with data if it is arranged in a logical sequence. Most often, the data are arranged in alphabetical sequence. Sometimes sorting itself will transform data into information. For example, a simple act of sorting the names in alphabetical order gives meaning to a telephone directory. The directory will be practically worthless without sorting. Business data processing extensively utilises sorting technique. Virtually all the records in business files are maintained in some logical sequence. Numeric sorting is common in computer-based processing systems because it is usually faster than alphabetical sorting.

(b) Summarizing.

Ans: To summarize is to condense or reduce masses of data to a more usable and concise form as shown in table. For example, you may summarize a lecture attended in a class by writing small notes in one or two pages. When the data involved is numbers, you summarize by counting or accumulating the total of the data in a classification or by selecting strategic data from the mass of data being processed. For example, the summarizing activity may provide a general manager with sales-totals by major product line, the sales manager with sales totals by individual salesman as well as by the product line and a salesman with sales data by customer as well as by product line.

Department Payroll Summary for Week of 07-07-2005
Department	Hours	Gross Wages
2 4 8 Company Total	192 73 150 415	1,496.00 625.75 1,248.00 3,369.75

INTEXT QUESTIONS 22.2 

1. Identify various data processing activities. 

Ans: Data processing activities are grouped under following five basic categories: 

(i) Collection. 

(ii) Conversion.

(iii) Manipulation. 

(iv) Storage and retrieval.

(v) Communication. 

2. Define the various steps of data processing cycles. 

Ans: The various steps involved in data processing cycle are as follows: 

(i) Data input.

(ii) Data processing.

(iii) Output.

(iv) Storage.

3. State whether the following statements are true or false: 

(i) All the records in a file have the same number of bytes, are called as fixed length. 

Ans: True.

(ii) A physical record refers to a record whose data fields are stored physically next to one another. 

Ans: True.

(iii) Data items are physically arranged as fields in a computer file. Their length is fixed.

Ans: False.

TERMINAL EXERCISE

1. Define the terms data, data processing and information.

Ans: Data: The word “data” is the plural of datum, which means fact, observation, assumption or occurrence. More precisely, data are representations of facts pertaining to people, things, ideas and events. Data are represented by symbols such as letters of the alphabets, numerals or other special symbols.

Data processing: Data processing is the act of handling or manipulating data in some fashion. Regardless of the activities involved in it, processing tries to assign meaning to data. Thus, the ultimate goal of processing is to transform data into information.

Information: Information, thus can be defined as “data that has been transformed into a meaningful and useful form for specific purposes”. In some cases data may not require any processing before constituting information. However, generally, data is not useful unless it is subjected to a process through which it is manipulated and organised, its content is analyzed and evaluated. Only then data becomes information.

2. Identify various activities involved in manipulation.

Ans: Activities involved in manipulation are:

(i) Sorting.

(ii) Classifying.

(iii) Calculating.

(iv) Summarizing.

(v) Analyzing.