Class 9 Automotive Service Technician Chapter 1 History and Evolution of Automobiles

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Class 9 Automotive Service Technician Chapter 1 History and Evolution of Automobiles

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History and Evolution of Automobiles

Chapter: 1

Session – 1: Invention of Wheel

Check Your Progress

A. Fill in the blanks:

1. ____________ is considered as one of the most important mechanical inventions of all times. 

Ans: Wheel. 

 2. Wheel was invented in ___________ in around 3500 BC that is __________ years ago. 

Ans: Mesopotamia, 5500.  

3. A wheel is a _________ component that can rotate on its centre. 

Ans: Circular.

4. Wheel is a ________ that enables efficient movement of an ___________ across a surface where there is a force pressing it to the surface. 

Ans: Device, object.

5. The coefficient of friction at the interface of wheel is usually ________.

Ans: Lower.

B. Multiple choice questions:

1. How many years ago was the wheel invented? 

(a) 2500 years. 

(b) 3500 years. 

(c) 5000 years.

(d) 6000 years. 

Ans: (c) 5000 years.

2. Spoked wheel is used for which category of vehicle? 

(a) Light. 

(b) Medium. 

(c) Heavy.

(d) None of the above.

Ans: (a) Light. 

3. Axle of wheel is fitted in the wheel in the _________. 

(a) Top. 

(b) Bottom. 

(c) Centre. 

(d) Side.

Ans: (c) Centre. 

C. Short answer questions:

1. Define a wheel’s structure.

Ans: It is hard to imagine any mechanised system that would be possible without a wheel or an idea of a symmetrical component moving in a circular motion about an axis. From tiny watch gears to automobiles, jet engines and computer disk drives, the principle is the same.

Early wheels were simple wooden disks with a hole for the axle. Due to the structure of wood, a horizontal slice of a tree trunk is not suitable, as it does not have the structural strength to support weight without collapsing; rounded pieces of longitudinal boards are required.

The oldest known example of a wooden wheel and its axle was found in 2003 in the Ljubljana Marshes some 20 km south of Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia. According to the radiocarbon dating, it is between 5100 and 5350 years old. It has a diameter of 72 centimetres (28”) and is made of ash wood, whereas its axle is made of oak.

The spoked wheel was invented much recently, and allowed the construction of lighter and swifter vehicles.

Some noteworthy artefacts belonging to the Harappan civilisation of the Indus Valley and North Western India are toy-cart wheels made of clay with spokes painted or in relief, and the symbol of the spoked wheel in the script of the seals.

The classic spoked wheel with hub and iron rim was in use from about 500 ACE (Iron Age Europe) until the twentieth century AD.

A wheel greatly reduces friction by facilitating motion by rolling together with the use of axles. In order for wheels to rotate, a push is needed to rotate the wheel about its axis.

 2. List the different types of wheel used in transport with examples.

Ans: Types of Wheels Used in Transport: 

(i) Alloy Wheels: Lightweight, strong, and corrosion-resistant. Often used in high-performance vehicles. Example: Used in sports cars and luxury vehicles.

(ii) Pressed Steel Wheels: These are the most common type, known for their durability and ability to withstand harsh conditions. They are also more affordable than other types of wheels. Example: Used in most cars and trucks.

(iii) Solid Wheels: Made from a solid piece of rubber or metal, these wheels are strong and durable but provide less cushioning on rough roads. Example: Trolleys and carts.

(iv) Forged Wheels: Strong, lightweight, and durable. Often used in high-performance applications. Example: Used in high-performance sports cars and racing vehicles. 

(v) Caster Wheels: Small wheels mounted on a swivel, allowing them to rotate 360 degrees for easy movement in any direction. Example: Office chairs and shopping carts.

Session – 2: Wheel Cart

Check Your Progress

A. Fill in the blanks:

1. Carts are driven by ________.

Ans: Animal.

2. In Mahabharata, the chariot was pulled by _________.

Ans: Horses.

3. A bullock-cart or ox-cart is a __________ pulled by oxen(draught animal).

Ans: Two-wheeled vehicle.

4. An average ___________ men are needed to equal the power of one horse.

Ans: 10-12.

B. Short answer questions:

1. How does a wheel cart help the farmer?

Ans: A wheel cart, especially a bullock cart, is used by farmers to carry goods, crops, and other agricultural produce from one place to another. It is usually pulled by one or two bullocks, with the cart being attached to the animals using a special chain or rope fixed to yokes. The driver and any other passenger can sit on the front of the cart, while the load is placed at the back.

2. Why were wheel carts used during Mahabharata?

Ans: During the Mahabharata, wheel carts, specifically chariots (raths), were used as war vehicles. Carts have been mentioned in literature as far back as the 2nd millennium BC. The Indian epic Mahabharata, which depicts Lord Krishna as the saarathi (the charioteer of the rath) and the chariot carrying Pandava prince Arjuna in the battlefield of Kurukshetra, are some of the examples. In the Mahabharata war, all the leaders used a rath for fighting in the war.

3. List the different types of carts.

Ans:  Carts are classified based on the animals that pull them or their specific purpose. 

The common types of carts are:

(i) Horse-Cart: Pulled by horses, commonly used in competitions or as a mode of transport.

(ii) Ox-Cart (Bullock-Cart): A two-wheeled vehicle pulled by oxen (draught cattle), typically used for transporting goods in rural areas.

(iii) Dog-Cart: Specifically designed to carry hunting dogs, featuring two cross-seats back to back, with the dogs penned between the rear-facing seat and the back end.

4. Define horsepower.

Ans: Horsepower (HP) is a unit of measurement of power, or the rate at which work is done. It was originally defined as the amount of work a horse can do in a given time, approximately equal to 746 watts.

Session – 3: Invention of Automobiles

Check Your Progress

A. Fill in the blanks:

1. In the year __________ the very first model of a self – propelled system was developed in the form of a toy.

Ans: 1672.

2. In year 1806, the first cars powered by _________ appeared.

Ans: Internal combustion engine.

3. _________, a German engineer, designed and patented the first practical model of an engine in 1885.

Ans: Karl Benz.

4. Volkswagen developed a car in the 1930s which looked like a crawling creature and was therefore called _________.

Ans: Beetle.

B. Multiple choice questions: 

1. In which year was the first vehicle invented?

(a) 1885.

 (b) 1650.

(c) 1806.

(d) None of the above.

Ans: (a) 1885.

2. Who was the inventor of the first patented car?

(a) Karl Benz.

(b) Ratan Tata.

(c) Mohandas Singh. 

(d) None of the above.

Ans: (a) Karl Benz.

3. Which of these is Germany’s first mass-manufacture car?

(a) Opel 4PS Laubfrosch. 

(b) Volkswagen.

(c) Ambassador. 

(d) None of the above.

Ans: (a) Opel 4PS Laubfrosch. 

C. Assignment:

1. Make a list of the important manufacturers of cars in India.

Ans: The important manufacturers of cars in India are:

(i) Maruti Suzuki.

(ii) Tata Motors.

(iii) Mahindra & Mahindra.

(iv) Hyundai.

(v) Honda.

(vi) Toyota.

(vii) Renault.

(viii) Nissan.

(ix) Ford.

(x) Volkswagen.

(xi) Skoda.

(xii) Fiat.

Session – 4: Invention of Automobiles (Post World War – II)

Check Your Progress