Class 12 Telecom Chapter 3 Maintenance and Testing

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Class 12 Telecom Chapter 3 Maintenance and Testing

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Maintenance and Testing

Chapter: 3

Session – 1: Corrective Maintenance and Fault Restoration

Check Your Progress:

A. Multiple Choice Questions:

1. After getting the information about the cut or breakage in optical fibre cable technician must do ________.

(a) Immediately proceed to the site.

(b) Carry all the relevant tools and spares.

(d) All of the above.

Ans: (d) All of the above.

2. Which is the correct sequence for dealing with fault notification:

(a) Fault acknowledge, receive and clear.

(b) Fault receive, acknowledge and clear.

(d) None of the above.

Ans: (b) Fault receive, acknowledge and clear.

3. Which of the following is the reason for the bad connector fault?

(a) Kinked cable.

(b) Splice loss.

(d) Dirt or damage.

Ans: (d) Dirt or damage.

4. If a fibre breaks, the most suitable remedy is ___________.

(a) Reduce stress on cable.

(b) Repair and replace of cable.

(d) All of the above.

Ans: (b) Repair and replace of cable.

5. Cleaning and polishing is an ideal remedy for _________.

(a) Bad pig-tail.

(b) Damaged Fibre.

(d) All of the above.

Ans: (c) Bad connector.

6. Which of the following equipment is used to identify bad connector faults?

(a) Optical Time Domain Reflectometer.

(b) Microscope.

(d) None of the above.

Ans: (b) Microscope.

7. Fibre breaks can be identified using ______ equipment.

(a) Optical Time Domain Reflectometer.

(b) Microscope.

(d) Both a and c.

Ans: (d) Both a and c.

8. Bad pig-tail faults can be identified using _____ equipment.

(a) Optical Time Domain Reflectometer.

(b) Microscope.

(d) None of the above.

Ans: (c) Visual fault locator.

9. What is the remedy to be taken for localized cable attenuation?

(a) Polishing /cleaning.

(b) Reduce stress / replace.

(d) None of the above.

Ans: (c) Straighten kink.

10. Which of the following is necessary for quick and efficient fault restoration?

(a) Rapidly find the problem.

(b) Knowing how to fix it.

(d) All of the above.

Ans: (d) All of the above.

B. Fill in the blanks:

1. The installation involves first laying a rod for cables and using the rod to lay _____________.

Ana: Fibre cable.

2. Methodology applied to find out and localize the failures of fibre is termed as _____________.

Ans: Fault localization.

3. To rectify and repair the fault is known as _____________.

Ans: Restoration.

4. _________ defines an unattractive or unsatisfactory feature in optical fibre communication.

Ans: Fault.

5. Loss splice is determined by the equipment _______________.

Ans: OTDR.

6. Wildlife that damages the cable is classified into three groups ______________ (rodents, insects, and birds)

Ans: Three groups.

7. Moth larvae burrow into trees and the ground and live in _________ .

Ans: Holes.

8. Other insects like ants and bees enter cable conduits through very small gaps to ________.

Ans: Build nests.

9. The OTDR waveform helps to analyse the fault in the cable. It determines the position and the distance of the ________by interpreting its waveforms.

Ans: Fault.

10. The pipe camera takes the ________ and determines the distance and cause of the fault in the cable.

Ans: Images.

C. Match the following:

Fault	Equipment to Test the Fault
1. Bad Connector	a. OTDR, Visual Fault Locator
2. Bad Pigtail	b. Visual Fault Locator
3. Localized Cable Attenuation	c. OTDR, Visual Fault Locator
4. Distributed increase in Cable Attenuation	d. OTDR
5. Loss Splice	e. OTDR
6. Fibre Break	f. Inspection Microscope

Ans:

Fault	Correct Equipment to Test the Fault
1. Bad Connector	f. Inspection Microscope
2. Bad Pigtail	b. Visual Fault Locator
3. Localized Cable Attenuation	a. OTDR, Visual Fault Locator
4. Distributed increase in Cable Attenuation	d. OTDR
5. Loss Splice	e. OTDR
6. Fibre Break	c. OTDR, Visual Fault Locator

D. State True or False:

1. After rectifying the fault, the next task is to restore the optical fibre to its initial state, this process is called optical fibre restoration.

Ans: True.

2. The OTDR displays time or distance on the horizontal axis and amplitude on the vertical axis.

Ans: True.

3. Correct planning will lead to maximization of the problem.

Ans: False.

4. Once the team reaches the fault location, they do not labour to dig the particular area.

Ans: False.

5. The losses due to the connector are reflective and the spike will go upwards.

Ans: True.

6. Using the VFL you can only inspect the continuity of the Fiber manually between the transmitter and the receiver.

Ans: True.

7. Optical Light Source and Optical Power Meter are two devices that are combined together to check the optical network.

Ans: False.

8. OTDR is like a mini-computer.

Ans: True.

9. When there is a fault in the customer premises, they register their problem in the network operation centre.

Ans: True.

10. These faults are tough to identify through naked eyes as the OFC are placed underground.

Ans: True.

E. Short answer questions:

1. What is a Fault?

Ans: Fault defines an unattractive or unsatisfactory feature in optical fibre communication.

2. List the fault notification process.

Ans: when there is a fault in the customer’s premise, they register their problem in the network operation center. Intimate the network operation center regarding the fault in the link, cable ends, and connector. These issues are shared with the network operation maintenance team by the network operation center. The maintenance team rectifies the cause of the fault.

3. What are the workmanship guidelines to be followed?

Ans: Once the network team gets the fault notification, the following points have to be executed by the network team. Cross check the correctness of fault.

• Confirm the service level agreement, it defines commitment between a network team and customer.

• Set the priority with the team members.

• Get in touch with all stakeholders involved in fault rectification.

• Arrange for permits or approvals and equipment if needed.

• Prepare a document for reason and report of fault in OFC.

4. What is fault localization?

Ans: For the effective use of OFC, it is necessary to detect and localize the fibre failures without delay. The methodology used to find out and localize the failures of fibre is termed as fault localization.

5. What is fault rectification?

Ans: It is a process to correct the fault at a location in the OFC.

6. List the problem identification steps.

Ans: After getting the intimation regarding the fault from the customer end, the network team will perform the necessary action to find the exact location of the fault.

Following steps are to be followed to fix the fault:

(i) Network team will record and locate the customer location.

(ii) Then after the network team will trace the link, which is going towards the customer location.

(iii) Use a transceiver, which will transmit the light signal in that particular link which is going towards the customer location.

(iv) Transceiver after a few seconds will receive a reverse signal which will come back from the faulty location.

(v) Network team then analyses the power of the received signal and identifies the type of fault at the remote end. In addition, the network team also calculates the exact distance of the fault.

7. What kind of challenges you might face while locating faults?

Ans: Following challenges are encountered during fault rectification:

(i) Without any link leakage, the transmission signal is difficult to measure.

(ii) Specific devices/instruments are brought into practice for localization/identification of optical fibre fault.

(iii) Route lengths can be very long e.g., 100 Km.

(iv) Unavailability of skilled staff.

8. Name the tools one would use for fault localization.

Ans: Specific device/instruments used in practice for localization/identification of optical fibre fault:

● Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)

● Optical Power Meter (OPM)

● Visual Fault Locator (VFL)

● Optical Microscope.

9. What is an OFC restoration?

Ans: After rectifying the fault, the next task is to restore the optical fibre to its initial state, this process is called optical fibre restoration.

10. List the work instructions to be followed while mobilization, travelling, OTDR trace measurement & localization.

Ans: Immediately, information about the fault in the OFC link and location is conveyed to the fault maintenance team. Fault maintenance team soon reaches the fault location and performs the necessary action to rectify the fault. Fault maintenance team after rectifying the fault, acknowledges back the completion of the task. Then they will again pass a signal through that link and calculate the signal level of the received signal. Once getting the satisfactory result, the network team intimate the customer regarding the rectification of the fault.

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