Class 11 Health Care Chapter 1 Hospital Management System

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Class 11 Health Care Chapter 1 Hospital Management System

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Hospital Management System

Chapter – 1

SESSION 1: HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM

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A. Fill in the Blanks:

1. The health care services should be promotive, ___________, ___________ and rehabilitative.

Ans: The health care services should be promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative.

2. In India, health care services is a __________ issue.

Ans: In India, health care services is a state issue.

3. A highly specialised doctor comes under ___________ level.

Ans: A highly specialised doctor comes under tertiary care level.

4. The restorative functions of a hospital include ___________, ____________, ___________ and emergency services.

Ans: The restorative functions of a hospital include diagnostic, curative, rehabilitative and emergency services.

5. The bed strength of a Community Health Centre is ____________.

Ans: The bed strength of a Community Health Centre is 30 to 50.

6. Blood test is done in _____________ laboratory.

Ans: Blood test is done in haematology laboratory.

7. A sanitary attendant should be allotted a work area of ____________ sq ft, keeping in view the policies of a hospital.

Ans: A sanitary attendant should be allotted a work area of 1200 to 1500sq ft, keeping in view the policies of a hospital.

8. The _____________ department has the responsibility of purchasing all supplies and equipment for a hospital.

Ans: The purchase department has the responsibility of purchasing all supplies and equipment for a hospital.

B. Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Hospital-based research activities enhance medical technology and services in the area of ______________.

(a) Physical and psycho-social aspects of health and diseases.

(b) Clinical medicine.

(c) Hospital practices and administration.

(d) All of the above.

Ans: (d) All of the above.

2. Control of communicable diseases is ____________ function.

(a) Restorative.

(b) Preventive.

(c) Training.

(d) Creation.

Ans: (b) Preventive.

3. ____________ services are involved in dealing with accidents, natural disasters and epidemics.

(a) Emergency.

(b) Research.

(c) Training.

(d) Non-clinical.

Ans: (a) Emergency.

C. Short Answer Questions:

1. Define the following:

(a) Health care.

Ans: Many factors, such as food, housing, clothing, hygiene and sanitation, lifestyle, pollution, climate, etc., can affect the health of an individual and population. Health care includes all services provided to a person or population by various health and related agencies. These are delivered by the health care system, which includes the management of the health sector and its organisational structure.

(b) Health care delivery system.

Ans: According to the World Health Organization (WHO),“A health system consists of all organizations, people and actions, whose primary intent is to promote, restore or maintain health. This includes efforts to influence determinants of health, as well as, more direct health improving activities. A health system is, therefore, more than the pyramid of publicly owned facilities that deliver personal health services. It includes, for example, a mother caring for her sick child at home, private providers, behavior change programs, vector control campaigns, health insurance organizations, occupational health and safety legislation. It includes inter-sectoral action by health staff, for example, encouraging the ministry of education to promote female education, a well-known determinant of better health.”

Health care in India is a State issue. It is delivered by institutions owned by the Central and State governments, and local bodies. The Centre is responsible for developing and monitoring national standards and regulations, linking the States with funding agencies, and sponsoring schemes for the effective implementation of health programmes. Most health care services in India are provided by the private sector. The government and the private sector help in making health care accessible in all areas of India — both rural and urban.

(c) Hospital.

Ans: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a hospital is an integral part of social and medical organisation, the function of which is to provide complete health care both preventive and curative — to the population. The outpatient services of a hospital reach out to communities in an area. The hospital also serves as a centre for the training of health workers and carries out bio-social research.

2. State the functions of a hospital system.

Ans: The purpose of health care services is to effectively meet all the health needs of a community. Hospitals play a major role in maintaining and restoring the health of the community.

The main functions of hospitals are as follows:

(i) Restorative.

(ii) Preventive.

(iii) Training and research in health and medicine.

(i) Restorative functions: The various restorative functions of a hospital include the following:

(a) Diagnostic activity: It includes inpatient services, involving medical, surgical and other specialties, and specific diagnostic procedures.

(b) Curative activity: It involves the treatment of all ailments or diseases.

(c) Rehabilitative activity: It includes physical, mental and social rehabilitation.

(d) Emergency services: It comprises providing emergency services required for dealing with accidents, natural disasters, epidemics, etc.

(ii) Preventive functions: Hospitals also carry out various preventive functions, which include the following:

(a) Supervision of pregnancies and childbirth.

(b) Supervision of normal growth and development of children.

(c) Control of communicable diseases.

(d) Prevention of prolonged illness.

(e) Provision of health education services.

(f) Occupational health services.

(g)  preventive health check-up.

(iii) Training and research in health and medicine: Training activities of a hospital, generally, refer to the training of medical, paramedical and other support staff (clinical or non-clinical) required and working in the facility. Training is, generally, provided to:

(a) Nurses and midwives.

(b) Specialists and postgraduates.

(c) Medical social workers.

(d) paramedical staff.

The research activities carried out by hospitals are for the enhancement of medical   technology and services in the following areas:

(a) Physical, psychological and social aspects of health and diseases.

(b) Clinical medicine.

(c) Hospital practices and administration.

3. Describe the various components of a hospital system.

Ans: 

Fig. 1.2 Components of a hospital

A hospital is a system with various components that are integrated by a common purpose of achieving a set of objectives. The various systems and subsystems of a hospital has been represented in Fig. 1.2.

The performance of all these services is dependent on the cooperation and coordination of various components within the system. Individual sub-systems have independent goals for providing the best patient care. It can be inferred that hospitals are highly complex, social, economic and scientific organisations whose function is to provide comprehensive care services.

This explains the need for the sound management of a hospital. It is the management that helps in managing the functioning of the hospital or a health unit. It integrates various departments of a health care unit, like clinical, non-clinical and supporting departments. Health care services must be comprehensive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative. These services are provided through a network of various primary, private and community health centres in India.

4. Enlist two health care delivery models followed in India.

Ans: The health care system or models in India can be categorised under the following sectors or programmes:

Public health sector:

(i)  Primary health care: 

(a) Village-level accredited social health activist.

(b) Village-level Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM), a village-level health worker, who is the first contact person between the community and health services.

(c) Sub-centres.

(d) Primary Health Centre.

(ii) Hospitals or health centres:

(a) Community Health Centres.

(b) Rural hospitals.

(c) District hospitals or health centres.

(d) Specialty hospitals.

(e) Teaching hospitals.

Private sector:

(a) Private hospitals, polyclinics, nursing homes and dispensaries.

(b) General practitioners and clinics.

5. Which is the most widely used health care model in India?

Ans: The Primary Health Care model is the most widely used health care model in India.

6. Who has the primary responsibility of providing health care to the population in our country?

Ans: The primary responsibility of providing health care to the population in our country lies with the State governments.

7. Write a note on hospital housekeeping.

Ans: The housekeeping department’s main function is to keep the hospital clean. A sanitation in-charge must be able to train her/his employees in cleaning techniques that prevent the spread of diseases as cleaning is meant to remove organic matter, in which bacteria and viruses are harboured. 

A sanitary attendant must be allotted a work area of 1200–1500 sq ft, keeping in view the policies of the hospital, the degree of cleanliness required, and electrical cleaning equipment used, such as scrubbing machine, vacuum cleaner, etc. For a nursing unit, one sanitary attendant is recommended for managing 10 beds. In the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and Critical Care Unit (CCU) of a hospital, a higher degree of cleanliness is required. Hence, more sanitary attendants are provided there. Generally, one supervisor is appointed to supervise 10 sanitary attendants. For a 300-bed hospital, there should be one sanitation in-charge, four supervisors and 40 sanitary attendants (30 sanitary attendants to meet the daily requirement and 10 as leave reserve).

8. Describe two services provided by the Outpatient Department.

Ans: The two services provided by the Outpatient Department are as under: 

(i) Consultation and Investigation: The OPD is where doctors check patients and find out what illness they have by doing some tests. The patient doesn’t need to stay in the hospital.

(ii) Preventive and Promotive Health Care: The OPD also helps people stay healthy by giving vaccines, doing check-ups, and teaching them how to avoid getting sick.

9. Suppose you are a General Duty Assistant. A patient approaches you to direct him to the laboratory for blood test. What will you do?

Ans: If I am a General Duty Assistant and a patient asks me where to go for a blood test, I will:

(i) Talk to the patient kindly and listen carefully.

(ii) If the patient needs help, I will go with them to the lab.

(iii) Say hello to the patient kindly and listen carefully to what they need.

(iv) I will take care of the patient and make sure the patient feels okay and not confused.

SESSION 2: QUALITIES OF A GENERAL DUTY ASSISTANT

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SESSION 3: CODES OF CONDUCT FOR GENERAL DUTY ASSISTANT

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SESSION 4: PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES FOR GENERAL DUTY ASSISTANT

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