NIOS Class 12 Painting Chapter 15 Folk and Tribal Art

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NIOS Class 12 Painting Chapter 15 Folk and Tribal Art

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Folk and Tribal Art

Chapter: 15

INTEXT QUESTIONS 15.1

A. Choose the most appropriate option.

1. Warli paintings are made in which Indian state?

(i) Thane district of Maharashtra

(ii) Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh

(iii) Madhubani district in Bihar

(iv) Kalighat in Kolkata

Ans: (i) Thane district of Maharashtra.

2. Who is the artist of the Warli work; ‘Palghat Devi Chauk’.

(i) Ganga Devi

(ii) Rabindranath Tagore

(iii) Jeevya Soma Mashe

(iv) None of them

Ans: (iii) Jeevya Soma Mashe.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 15.2

1. In which states of India are Pithora paintings made and by whom?

Ans: The Bheel and Bhilala communities of Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh and the Rathwas of the Vadodara area of Gujarat have a long, rich tradition of Pithora painting.

2. Who are the Pithora paintings dedicated?

Ans: The paintings are known as Pithora paintings because they are dedicated to the local god Pithora.

3. What is the difference between Bheel, and Rathwa Pithora paintings?

Ans: The Bheel palette is comparatively simple, limited and old, while the Rathwa palette is marked by its vivid colours. The Rathwa Pithora painting also has more detail and ornamentation

4. Who paints the traditional Pithora painting and what materials does he use?

Ans: The traditional painter of Pithora murals is called Lakhindra. The Pithora mural is made on the main inside wall of the house with easily available natural colours.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 15.3

1. What is Kohbar? Which are the main motifs in a Kohbar?

Ans: Kohbar ghar is the groom’s designated room in the bride’s home before he departs his in-laws’ after the wedding ceremony. The newlywed conduct religious rituals here. Kohbar murals depict Hindu Gods and Goddesses, fertility symbols, auspicious symbols and motifs.

2. What are the characteristics of the Madhubani painting?

Ans: A Madhubani painting is heavily detailed; it depicts episodes from Hindu epics. The faces in the visage, vibrant natural colours and the geometric ornamentation on the border are some of its key characteristics.

3. What is the theme of the Madhubani painting?

Ans: The themes of Madhubani painting are Hindu mythology, folklore and life in general.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 15.4

1. Who were the traditional buyers of Kalighat paintings?

Ans: Kalighat paintings were bought by the pilgrims who visited the temple.

2. What was the medium used for Kalighat paintings, and what materials were required to paint them?

Ans: Kalighat paintings were painted on mill-made hemp paper in watercolour. The materials used for making them were: paper, natural and vegetable colours, brush, gum, poster colours etc.

3. What were the themes of Kalighat paintings?

Ans: The most in-demand Kalighat paintings were Hindu icons, although Kalighat painters also depicted scenes from everyday life.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 15.5

A. Fill in the blanks:

1. The colour used in Kalamkari paintings are ____________, ____________.

Ans: Natural, vegetable colours.

2. Before drawing the figures in black, the bleached fabric is treated with a _____________, ___________ .

Ans: Solution, of Harad.

3. Kalamkari textiles were exported to ____________, ____________ and many Asian countries.

Ans: Iran, Indonesia.

TERMINAL QUESTIONS

1. What is the Warli painting made particularly to celebrate a wedding in the family called, and whom is it dedicated to?

Ans: It is called a ‘Chauk’ (specifically the Palghat Devi Chauk), and it is dedicated to Palghat Devi, the Warli goddess of fertility.

2. What is the Warli painting made to celebrate the paddy harvest called?

Ans: It is called a Pashti painting, which is painted on outer walls and mud storage containers to ritually offer freshly harvested paddy to Kansari Ai, the tribal deity of crops.

3. Who traditionally makes the Warli painting, and what materials are used for it?

Ans: Warli paintings are traditionally made by married women. The materials include cow dung and red earth slurry used to plaster the walls as a background, and a white paste made of rice flour for the painting itself. A brush is made by beating one end of a local salati grass stem or a palm leaf rib into a fibrous mass.

4. Describe three characteristics of the Warli painting.

Ans: (i) The human and animal forms are highly simplified and created by joining two triangles at the apex.

(ii) The figures are unadorned and lack fine details, but are brilliantly dynamic and harmonious, resembling prehistoric cave paintings.

(iii) They are traditionally painted exclusively in white on a reddish-brown mud and cow dung background.

5. List the motifs used in a traditional Warli painting.

Ans: Traditional motifs include figures of the sun and the moon, the ceremonial crown (Basing), the bridegroom riding a mare, dancing men and women, hunting scenes, farming scenes, the drawing of toddy, and various flora and fauna. For the harvest festival, paisley-like impressions of a fisted hand are also used.

6. What is the definition of folk and tribal art?

Ans: Folk and tribal art is the traditional art of the people belonging to a specific geographical region or community. It is created for public or personal good and forms an essential part of both specific rituals and non-ritualistic daily life.

7. Name the different styles of tribal mural painting and the states where they are practised.

Ans: (i) Warli painting: Maharashtra.

(ii) Pithora painting: Madhya Pradesh (Jhabua district) and Gujarat (Vadodara area).

(iii) Madhubani (Mithila) painting: Bihar.

(iv) Kalighat painting: West Bengal (Kolkata).

(v) Kalamkari: Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.

8. Write about motifs of Warli painting.

Ans: The motifs in Warli paintings represent the natural environment and everyday life of the Warli tribe. They revolve around ritualistic symbols like Palghat Devi, the sun, and the moon. The space is usually filled with dynamic scenes of village life, including hunting, farming, dancing, drawing toddy, and local flora and fauna.

9. In which state of India does the Madhubani painting have its origin? Describe its religious and social significance and name the motifs of the Kohbar mural.

Ans: Madhubani painting originated in the state of Bihar. Significance: It holds deep religious and social significance, as the paintings were traditionally made by married women on the walls of the Kohbar (the bride’s designated room where the newlyweds conduct religious rituals) to orient the couple toward matrimony and bless them with fertility. Motifs: The motifs include Hindu deities, local mythical characters like Naina Jogin, and fertility symbols such as the sun, moon, tulsi plant, parrot, peacock, fish, cobra, tortoise, bamboo plant, betel vine, and water pitcher.

10. What is Kalamkari? Name its two major styles and explain how they are different from each other.

Ans: Kalamkari is a craft style that derives its name from the Persian word Qalamkari (craft of the pen), where a pen and natural colours are used to paint figures on fabric.

The two major styles are:

Srikalahasti style: Developed around a temple town, it relies exclusively on free-hand drawing using the “Kalam” (pen) and focuses entirely on Hindu mythological themes.

Machilipatnam style: Developed under Mughal patronage for commercial export, this style uses a mix of pen work and block printing. It features more secular, decorative motifs like ornate arches, flowers, animal figures, and the tree of life.

11. Who were the painters of Kalighat paintings? Describe its characteristics and list its subjects.

Ans: The painters were traditional Patuas (painters of scrolls and toys) who had migrated from rural Bengal to Kolkata. Characteristics: These watercolours were painted on paper with bold lines, vibrant colors, and simplified figures. The figures are distinct for their clear human bodies, light and shade effects used to highlight curves, elongated eyes, and soft faces. Subjects: They initially painted Hindu Gods and Goddesses for pilgrims, but soon expanded their subjects to include local scandals, current events, proverbs, musicians, nautch girls, women combing their hair, snakes, and cats.

12. Write short notes on:

1. Materials used for folk tribal paintings.

Ans: Artists typically use locally available natural materials like yellow earth, ochre, chalk, lamp soot, rice powder, turmeric, cow-dung, and vegetable extracts for colours. Brushes are often improvised from twigs, rags, or chewed grass stems.

2. Kohbar ghar.

Ans: This is the designated bridal chamber in the bride’s home where newlyweds perform religious rituals before leaving. Its walls are decorated with highly detailed frescoes by married women to bless the couple with fertility and a happy matrimony.

3. Pashti painting.

Ans: A type of Warli painting made on the outer walls and mud containers to celebrate the paddy harvest. It is dedicated to Kansari Ai, the deity of crops, and features repeating paisley-like impressions of a fisted hand.

13. Where did the Madhubani painting originate? Why is it also known as Mithila painting?

Ans: It originated in the Madhubani district of Bihar. It is also known as Mithila painting because it developed specifically within the cultural boundaries of the Mithila region.

14. List the materials and colours required for making a traditional Madhubani painting.

Ans: The base is prepared with a rice slurry. Figures are drawn with charcoal or a thin bamboo strip dipped in lamp soot, with cotton rolled on one end to act as a brush.

Traditional natural colours include:

Black: Lamp soot or burnt Jowar (sorghum).

(i) Yellow: Turmeric or banyan sap mixed with lime.

(ii) Saffron: Palash blossoms.

(iii) Red: Kusum blossoms.

(iv) Dull Green: Cow dung.

(v) Crimson: Peepul bark.

(vi) Blue: Indigo or ink.

(vii) Deep Pink: Mahavar.

15. Describe two characteristics of Kalighat paintings.

Ans: (i) The drawings are accorded primacy, featuring bold lines, simplified forms, elongated eyes, and soft faces.

(ii) Artists utilize light and shade effects close to the outlines to create a sense of volume and highlight the curves of the human form.