NIOS Class 12 Painting Chapter 12 Fresco and Tempera In Indian Art

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NIOS Class 12 Painting Chapter 12 Fresco and Tempera In Indian Art

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Fresco and Tempera In Indian Art

Chapter: 12

INTEXT QUESTIONS 12.1

A. Choose the most appropriate option.

1. In which cave is the ‘Dying Princess’ painted? 

(i) Cave No. 1 

(ii) Cave No. 2 

(iii) Cave No. 5 

(iv) Cave No. 16

Ans: (iv) Cave No. 16.

2. What is the medium of the painting Dyeing Princess? 

(i) Tempera 

(ii) Wash technique 

(iii) Ink of paper 

(iv) None of these

Ans: (i) Tempera. 

INTEXT QUESTIONS 12.2

1. What is the theme of the Ajanta paintings?

Ans: The Theme of Ajanta paintings is the life of Buddha and his various incarnations.

2. Why was prince Visvantara banished from his kingdom?

Ans: Prince Visvantara was banished from his kingdom because he had given away the auspicious white elephant to the neighbouring kingdom.

3. Which cave is the ‘Prince and Princess’ located?

Ans: The ‘Prince and Princess’ mural is located in Cave 17 at Ajanta.

4. Which technique of painting was used to paint the ‘Prince and Princess’?

Ans: The mural, the ‘Prince and Princess’ has been painted in tempera technique.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 12.3

1. What does Mara Vijaya symbolize?

Ans: ‘Mara Vijaya’ symbolizes the determined mind’s conquest over distraction.

2. Where is ‘Mara Vijaya’ located?

Ans: ‘Mara Vijaya’ is located in Cave 1 at Ajanta.

3. In ‘Mara Vijaya’ what posture is Buddha sitting in?

Ans: In ‘Mara Vijaya’ Buddha is sitting in the classic Dhayan Mudra.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 12.4

1. Where is the ‘Bullfight’ located?

Ans: The bullfight is painted on a bracket in Cave 1 at Ajanta.

2. How has the artist created contrast in the ‘Bull fight’?

Ans: The pillars, walls, ceiling, and brackets are all painted with scenes and motifs connected with Buddha.

3. Why is the ‘Bull fight’ a significant mural?

Ans: The ‘ Bull fight’ is significant mural because it shows the Ajanta painters’ mastery of line and their knowledge of ratio and proportion in animals bodies.

TERMINAL QUESTIONS

1. Describe in detail fresco Indian Art?

Ans: Fresco is a mural painting technique executed upon freshly-laid or wet lime plaster. Water or water mixed with lime is used to make the pigment merge with the plaster, and as it sets, the moisture evaporates, turning the calcium in the lime into a fine protective layer of calcium carbonate. To prepare the plaster, lime is settled in a terracotta urn to remove impurities, and marble powder is used instead of river sand to prevent the plaster from cracking. The chosen wall must be in an airy area without damp patches or cracks, and it should not be new. Because lime limits the color palette, Indian painters created their pigments using natural water-soluble substances like Ramraj, Hirmich, Hingul, ochre, indigo, and lamp soot.

2. Write a paragraph on the ‘Dying Princess’.

Ans: The ‘Dying Princess’ is a 5th-century CE tempera painting located in Cave 16 of Ajanta. It depicts the last moments of Sundari, who is heartbroken because her husband Nanda (Buddha’s brother) left her to become a monk. The painting masterfully expresses emotion and pathos through the eloquent gestures of her hands, her lowered eyes, her drooping limbs, and her bent head as she reclines against a bolster. She is surrounded by deeply concerned attendants, including one fanning her in grief, another checking her pulse to sense death inching closer, and a female attendant with an Afro-Asian face signaling someone out of fear.

3. Describe the ‘Bull fight’ in cave 1 in Ajanta cave.

Ans: The ‘Bull Fight’ is painted on a bracket in Cave 1 and projects the raw animal strength and force of fighting bulls. The artist painted the bulls with handsome muscular bodies, pointed horns, large humps, and raised tails, marking them as leaders of a herd. Their horns are locked, their hooves are tamping the ground, and their nostrils are aggressively flared. To create a dynamic contrast, the artist painted the opponents in different colors and placed their legs and tails in varying postures, showcasing a remarkable flow of lines.

4. Which are the main sites of Indian cave paintings executed between the 1st century BC and the 7th century AD? Write in detail.

Ans: The main ancient Indian cave paintings from this period include the frescos of Jogimara, Bagh, Badami, Sittanvasal, Armamalai, and Ajanta. The primary themes of these remarkable frescos revolve around the life of Buddha and Jataka narratives (mainly found in Ajanta), Brahmanical-Hinduism themes at Badami, and Jaina themes at Sittanavasal.

5. Describe the ‘Mara Vijaya’ panel at Ajanta.

Ans: Located in Cave 1, ‘Mara Vijaya’ is a large 5th-century mural depicting Buddha’s conquest over Mara, the deity of desire. In the panel, Buddha sits serenely in deep contemplation in the classic Dhyan Mudra—his left hand in his lap and his right hand touching the earth to call it as his witness. He is surrounded by Mara’s frightful army, which includes nubile young women trying to tempt him, a dwarf trying to scare him, and a terrible goblin lunging at him with a sword. The mural beautifully captures the stark contrast between Buddha’s peaceful serenity and the violent horde of Mara, symbolizing the determined mind’s conquest over distraction.

6. Describe the ‘Prince and Princess’ panel at Ajanta.

Ans: This 6th-century mural in Cave 17 depicts a momentous scene from a Jataka story where the generous Prince Vessantara (a previous incarnation of Buddha) is consoling his distraught wife, Princess Madri, in a palace pavilion. He is telling her that he has been banished from the kingdom by his father because he gave away their auspicious white elephant to a neighboring kingdom facing a drought. The painting is renowned for its unmistakable dignity, fine balance of facial features, rich ornaments, expressive glances, and the luxurious drape of fabrics.

7. Explain the condition of the princess.

Ans: Referring to the ‘Dying Princess’: The princess is in a severely heartbroken and grieving condition after being deserted by her husband. Her impending death is visibly expressed through her drooping limbs, lowered eyes, and bent head as she rests against a bolster

Her condition is so critical that a deeply concerned attendant is seen checking her pulse while others frantically fan her or call for help. (If referring to Princess Madri from the Prince and Princess panel): She is highly distraught and heartbroken after learning that her husband has been banished from the kingdom.

8. What are the important features of Ajanta figures?

Ans: The figures in Ajanta paintings are renowned worldwide for their expressive faces, eloquent eyes, and graceful hand gestures. The painters kept real-life ratios and proportions in view, painting dynamic figures with great anatomical detail. The figures are beautifully balanced, clothed in richly draped fabrics, and adorned with detailed ornaments. Furthermore, the painters strictly followed the Shadanga (the six paramount rules of art) while giving free rein to their imagination.

9. What is the size of ‘Mara Vijaya’?

Ans: The size of the ‘Mara Vijaya’ mural is 12 × 8.

10. What is the dwarf trying to do in ‘Mara Vijaya’?

Ans: In the ‘Mara Vijaya’ mural, the dwarf is trying to scare the Buddha as part of Mara’s attempts to distract him from achieving enlightenment.