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Class 12 It Chapter 4 Occupational Health, Safety and Security
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Occupational Health, Safety and Security
Chapter: 4
| SESSION 1: HEALTH, SAFETY AND SECURITY AT WORK PLACE |
| Check Your Progress |
A. Multiple Choice Questions:
1. Workplace safety is essential in organisation.
(a) To avoid the accident and injury.
(b) To increase the productivity.
(c) To improve the work environment.
(d) All of the above.
Ans: (d) All of the above.
2. Which of the following is not mandatory to keep the good health of an employee.
(a) Cleanliness.
(b) Food court.
(c) Clean and fresh air.
(d) Clean washroom.
Ans: (b) Food court.
3. The security department is not responsible for________________.
(a) Personal safety.
(b) Computer system and equipment safety.
(c) Electrical safety.
(d) Personal belongings.
Ans: (c) Electrical safety.
4. The proper security procedures will increase-
(a) Liabilities.
(b) Insurance.
(c) Business revenue.
(d) Operational charges of the company.
Ans: (c) Business revenue.
5. Which kind of hazards can occur in IT industry.
(a) Biological.
(b) Chemical.
(c) Physical.
(d) Ergonomic.
Ans: (d) Ergonomic.
6. Which of the following can cause hazards while using computers.
(a) Poor sitting postures or excessive duration of sitting in one position.
(b) Lifting heavy object.
(c) Mishandling of tools and equipment.
(d) Improper handling of office equipment.
Ans: (a) Poor sitting postures or excessive duration of sitting in one position.
7. Which of the following statements is likely to result in an injury to the operator?
(a) Selecting the right tool for the job.
(b) Wearing safety goggles or glasses.
(c) Using a tool with loose handles.
(d) Keeping cutting tools sharp.
Ans: (c) Using a tool with loose handles.
8. What are the potential cause of hazards at workplace.
(a) Poor ventilation.
(b) Poor lighting.
(c) Poor housekeeping.
(d) All of above.
Ans: (d) All of above.
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. Health of an employee is the state of the physical, __________ and __________ well being.
Ans: Mental and Social.
2. The workplaces must be cleaned in ___________ before the people start working.
Ans: Morning.
3. A proper ____________ provides clean and cool air at the workplace.
Ans: Ventilation.
4. A fresh food cafeteria helps to maintain the ___________ of the employee.
Ans: Health.
5. The work environment of the organisation must be___________ and free from ___________ and _____________.
Ans: Safe, Dust and Pollution.
6. The proper security procedures will increase the ____________ and will reduce the _______________ of the company.
Ans: Business revenue, Liabilities.
7. Injuries and illness of the employees is prevented through national policy on ______________.
Ans: Safety.
8. Physical hazards occur due to _____________.
Ans: Noise.
9. Electrical hazards mostly caused due to coming in direct contact with ____________, or indirect contact through a ______________.
Ans: Live wire, Wet surface.
10. Hazards while using computers occur due to _________________ or excessive duration of sitting in __________-___.
Ans: Poor sitting posture, One position.
C. True or False:
1. The employer and employees are responsible for workplace safety.
Ans: True.
2. Any injury at work should be reported to the supervisor immediately.
Ans: True.
3. No matter how big or small the injury; the injured person should receive medical attention.
Ans: True.
4. While working with machines and equipment, employees must follow the safety guidelines set by the company.
Ans: True.
5. Bright light sources behind the display screen can create contrast problems.
Ans: True.
6. Exposure to bright lights and toxic fumes and vapour could damage the mouth and ears.
Ans: False.
7. The use of personal protective clothing and equipment can control the hazards at the workplace.
Ans: True.
8. Do not throw rubbish daily.
Ans: False.
9. Proper handling of office equipment can result in injuries.
Ans: False.
10. Stress at the workplace can cause hazards in today’s organisation.
Ans: True.
D. Short Answer Questions:
1. Briefly explain the concept of health, safety and security at the workplace.
Ans: Health: Health of an employee is the state of the physical, mental and social well being. Every organisation must provide health and safety working environment for their employees at the workplace. Health of an employee must be in a good condition so that the employees of the organisation will not suffer from any diseases. Cleanliness at the workplace is mandatory. The work places must be cleaned in the morning before the people start working. If it is neat and clean then the people will feel happy to work in that environment. A proper air conditioning is mandatory to provide clean and cool air at the workplace. A properly filtered water facility must be available for the employees of the company. A fresh food cafeteria must provide the good quality food for the employees. This will help to maintain the health of the employee. The organisation should maintain a clean wash-room facility in good condition to be used by the employees.
Safety: The work environment of the organisation must be safe. It must be free from hazards and risk. A hazard is the something that can cause harm to the people. A risk is a probability of causing harm to the people. A proper safety guideline must be prepared by the company and it should be strictly followed. At regular intervals of time, the safety procedures must be practised by the employees.
Security: Every employee working in an organisation must feel that they are secured in the company campus. Security is a kind of freedom from any potential harm. Security ensures the safety of the people working in the organisation. Every organisation must have separate security department. This department should be responsible for various security such as personal safety, computer system safety, electrical safety, transport safety and other equipment safety. The proper security procedures will reduce liabilities, insurance and compensation for an organisation. This will increase the business revenue and will reduce the operational charges of the company.
2. State the most important reasons for health, safety and security programs in workplace.
Ans: There are several reasons that can be specified for safety policy as given below.
(i) It clearly indicates the company’s commitment for their employee’s health and safety.
(ii) It shows the performance of the business and the safety performance are compatible with each other.
(iii) It clearly state that the company is not only doing the business for profits but it is taking care of all its stake holders.
(iv) The accountability of every one working for the company is outlined for the workplace health, safety and security.
(v) Company can comply national policy on Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S) of Government of India.
(vi) Injuries and illness of the employees is prevented through such policy.
3. List out the various workplace safety hazards.
Ans: Physical hazards: It is the risks arising from the physical work environment floors, facilities, walls, and ceilings. Physical hazards could also mean working with machinery and electricity operated machines. Work processes or specific assignments could also qualify as areas where physical hazards are present. There is a vast list of physical hazards across all industries, but when we look at one specific sector, these dangers are also particular to the work setting.
Falling off heights, slipping and tripping: The reasons for falling are attributed to faulty scaffolding and ladders, as a result of contact with electricity, and slipping or crashing into anything that throws the worker off balance. On the other hand, trips and slips happen right on lower levels, particularly the floor, on ramps and any uneven surface in the workplace. Various injuries result from simply tripping over things at work, while many more accidents take place when employees slip on the floor, from motorized vehicles or from scaffolding or ladders. To avoid falls and slips, all things must be arranged properly. Any spilt liquid, food or other items such as paints must be immediately cleaned to avoid any accidents. Make sure there is proper lighting and all damaged equipment, stairways and light fixtures are repaired immediately.
Electrical hazards: There are many reasons why workers get electrocuted or suffer from electric shock at work. For the most part, it’s due to coming in direct contact with live wires, or having indirect contact through a conductor. While not all electrical accidents lead to death, there are many life threatening, severe and often permanent injuries that could result from it. At work, the common causes of electrical accidents are exposed, worn-out wiring, overloading of electrical outlets, ungrounded or faulty equipment, and unsafe use of electrical equipment. Employees must be provided basic knowledge of using electrical equipment and common problems. Employees must also be provided instructions about electrical safety such as keeping water and food items away from electrical equipment. Electrical staff and engineers should carry out routine inspections of all wiring to make sure there are no damaged or broken wires.
Fire hazards: Each establishment must comply with housekeeping standards to ensure fire safety. Everyone does not follow such requirements, and this leads to accidents resulting in fire. Such events not only damage vital workplace equipment, stock and other items, and the building; it could also lead to injuries among its employees. To avoid fire, it is very important that safety precautions are in place. The whole organization must also have first response and emergency mitigation systems in place. Employees should be aware of all emergency exits, including fire escape routes, of the office building and also the locations of fire extinguishers and alarms.
Health hazards: Health refers to the physical well-being of the workers, and this includes the condition of their skin, eyes, ears and all other body parts. But it also includes the health situation of what we cannot see upfront – their respiratory and cardiovascular system, and the nervous system. Hazards are present in most workplaces that could impact any part of the human body. For example, a noisy machine or factory environment could damage the sense of hearing of the workers. In the same manner, exposure to bright lights and toxic fumes and vapour could damage the eyes and nose. There are also more serious and long-term health issues arising from hazardous workplaces, such as damage to the lungs because of the exposure to harmful chemicals.
4. List out the potential sources of hazards in an organization.
Ans: Bright light sources behind the display screen can create contrast problems, making it difficult to clearly see your work. Apply the following possible solutions to avoid this.
(i) Use blinds or drapes on windows to eliminate bright light. Blinds and furniture placement should be adjusted to allow light into the room, but not directly into your field of view.
(ii) Use indirect or shielded lighting where possible and avoid intense or uneven lighting in your field of vision. Ensure that lamps have glare shields or shades to direct light away from your line of sight.
(iii) Reorient the workstation so bright lights from open windows are at right angles with the computer screen.
(iv) High contrast between light and dark areas of the computer screen, horizontal work surface, and surrounding areas can cause eye fatigue and headaches. So, use well-distributed diffuse light.
5. List some of the IT workplace hazards.
Ans: Hazards using computers: Hazards while using computers include poor sitting postures or excessive duration of sitting in one position. These hazards may result in pain and strain. Making the same movement repetitively can also cause muscle fatigue. In addition, glare from the computer screen can be harmful to the eyes. Stretching at regular intervals or doing some simple yoga in your seat can mitigate such hazards.
Handling office equipment: Improper handling of office equipment can result in injuries. For example, sharp edged equipment, if not handled properly, can cause cuts. Staff members should be trained to handle equipment properly. A relevant manual should be made available by the administration on handling equipment.
Handling objects: Lifting or moving heavy items without proper procedure or techniques can be a source of potential hazard. Always follow approved procedures and proper posture for lifting or moving objects.
Stress at work: In today’s organisations, you may encounter various stress-causing hazards. Long working hours can be stressful and so can aggressive conflicts or arguments with colleagues. Always look for ways for conflict resolution with colleagues. Have some relaxing hobbies for stress against long working hours.
Working environment: Potential hazards may include poor ventilation, chairs and tables of inappropriate height, hard furniture, poor lighting, staff unaware of emergency procedures, or poor housekeeping. Hazards may also include physical or emotional intimidation, such as bullying or ganging up against someone. The staff should be made aware of the organisation’s policies to fight against all the given hazards related to a working environment.
6. What are the examples of potential hazards?
Ans: Workplaces that could impact any part of the human body. For example, a noisy machine or factory environment could damage the sense of hearing of the workers. In the same manner, exposure to bright lights and toxic fumes and vapour could damage the eyes and nose. There are also more serious and long-term health issues arising from hazardous workplaces, such as damage to the lungs because of the exposure to harmful chemicals.
7. Describe information technology workplace hazards?
Ans: Hazards using computers: Hazards while using computers include poor sitting postures or excessive duration of sitting in one position. These hazards may result in pain and strain. Making the same movement repetitively can also cause muscle fatigue. In addition, glare from the computer screen can be harmful to the eyes. Stretching at regular intervals or doing some simple yoga in your seat can mitigate such hazards.
8. What are the workplace safety rules?
Ans: (i) Learn and abide by company policy and procedures for dealing with security risks in the establishment.
(ii) Ensure that health and safety instructions applicable to the workplace are being followed.
(iii) Check the worksite for any possible health and safety hazards.
(iv) Follow manufacturer’s instructions and job specifications relating to safe use of materials specifically chemicals and power equipment.
(v) Follow electrical safety measures while working with electrically powered tools & equipment.
(vi) Ensure safe handling and disposal of waste and debris.
(vii) Ensure electrical safety compliances and EMI/EMC hygiene requirements are met as per the guidelines.
9. List out different safety guidelines?
Ans: (i) Lighting should be satisfactory in all areas and additional bulbs should be kept handy.
(ii) While using cutting tools, the direction of cutting should always be away from your body.
(iii) Arrange for frequent Safety Drills and Trainings to employees for safety awareness.
(iv) Ensure that all manual cutting tools must be honed in advance because blunt tools may slip and lead to deep cuts.
(v) Have a clear idea of how much authority and accountability you have to deal with security risks, including your legal rights and duties.
(vi) Employ a Safety Supervisor in the workshop.
(vii) Ensure that all Chemical Solutions used on display shelves or for Housekeeping purposes must be used only after mentioning to the relevant MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) or Instruction Manuals.
(viii) Loosely fitted clothes must be totally avoided because the loose ends may get caught in powered machinery and tools and may be lethal.
(ix) Powered tools and equipment must be reviewed for any damage, before and after every use.
(x) All walkways should be free of clutter and debris, to avoid trips and falls.
(xi) Any spill should be cleared off instantly and ‘Wet Floor’ or ‘Work in Progress’ signs should be used in suitable places.
10. Describe the type of emergency with an example?
Ans: An accident is an unplanned, uncontrolled, or unforeseen event resulting in injury or harm to people and damages to goods. For example, a person falling down and getting injured or a glassware item that broke upon being knocked over. Emergency is a serious or crisis situation that needs immediate attention and action. For example, a customer having a heart attack or sudden outbreak of fire in your organization needs immediate attention.
| SESSION 2: WORKPLACE QUALITY MEASURES |
| Check Your Progress |
A. Multiple Choice Questions:
1. To provide healthy and safety working environment, every organisation must have____________.
(a) Cleanliness.
(b) Filtered water.
(c) Clean wash-room.
(d) All of the above.
Ans: (d) All of the above.
2. Air pollution is mostly caused by production of the ________ in the surrounding air.
(a) Dust.
(b) Mixture of solid particles.
(c) Gases.
(d) All of the above.
Ans: (d) All of the above.
3. Repetitive use of muscle may feel pain in your_____________.
(a) Neck.
(b) Shoulder.
(c) Wrist or fingers.
(d) All of the above.
Ans: (d) All of the above.
4. The security department organisation is not responsible for_______________.
(a) Other safety.
(b) Computer system safety.
(c) Electrical safety.
(d) Transport safety.
Ans: (a) Other safety.
5. For an organisation, the proper security procedures will reduce_____________.
(a) Liabilities.
(b) Insurance.
(c) Business revenue.
(d) Operational charges of the company.
Ans: (c) Business revenue.
6. Do not wear ____________ when working with machines.
(a) Jewellery.
(b) Safety glasses.
(c) Masks.
(d) Gloves.
Ans: (a) Jewellery.
7. Sore lower back cause due to___________.
(a) Reaching forward frequently.
(b) No lumbar support.
(c) No upper back support from chair.
(d) Reaching forward for long periods.
Ans: (b) No lumbar support.
8. Sore lower back cause due to_________.
(a) Reaching forward for long periods or reaching forward frequently.
(b) Working with wrists extended too much repetition reaching forward frequently.
(c) No lumbar support.
(d) No upper back support from chair.
Ans: (a) Reaching forward for long periods or reaching forward frequently.
9. What should you do with the problem of dry eyes___________.
(a) Forget to blink.
(b) Rest eyes periodically and do simple eye exercises.
(c) Do exercise.
(d) Blink the eyes.
Ans: (b) Rest eyes periodically and do simple eye exercises.
10. If light is coming directly behind or in front of you then you may suffer from-
(a) Eye strain.
(b) Sore eyes.
(c) Dry eyes.
(d) Eye strain and sore eyes.
Ans: (d) Eye strain and sore eyes.
B. Fill in the Blanks:
1. Air and water pollution can be analysed by using – physical, ___________ and ___________ analysis.
Ans: Chemical, biological.
2. The PH value of the water can be measured through ___________ analysis.
Ans: Chemical.
3. The ___________ indicators are used to monitor the health of the ecosystem.
Ans: Microbial.
4. Ergonomics is the science concerned with ___________ and arranging things.
Ans: Designing.
5. Working with wrists extended too much repetition can cause ____________.
Ans: Arching wrists.
6. The repetition of a seemingly ____________ task over a period of time can cause an injury.
Ans: Innocuous.
7. If a cord or wire will cross a pathway safely it should be marked with ___________.
Ans: Hazard tape.
8. Loose cords and wires can cause _____________ .
Ans: Electrical hazards.
9. Glare and ____________ on the screen should be prevented.
Ans: Reflections.
10. The keyboard should have a matt surface to avoid ___________ glare.
Ans: Reflective.
C. State whether True or False:
1. The work environment of the organisation must be free from hazards and risk.
Ans: True.
2. Practice a no vehicle day every week to avoid air pollution.
Ans: True.
3. Applying ergonomics can improve performance and productivity.
Ans: True.
4. Wear rings, watches and necklaces while working on the computer.
Ans: False.
5. Never touch or try repairing any electrical equipment or circuits with wet hands.
Ans: True.
6. Unplug all power sources and cables from the computer while working on the computer.
Ans: False.
7. Occupational overuse syndrome, also known as repetitive strain injury.
Ans: True.
8. The work chair must be stable and allow the user to move easily.
Ans: True.
9. Artificial lighting from computer screens can cause sleeping problems.
Ans: True.
10. The keyboard and mouse should not be kept at the same level.
Ans: False.
D. Answer the following questions in short:
1. What causes the water pollution?
Ans: Most of the human activities make water polluted. The polluted water may cause the disease. So an organisation must ensure to prevent air pollution or water pollution.
2. What is occupational overuse syndrome?
Ans: Occupational overuse syndrome, also known as repetitive strain injury (RSI), is a collective term for a range of conditions, characterized by discomfort or persistent pain in muscles, tendons and other soft tissues, with or without physical manifestations. It is usually caused or aggravated by work, and is associated with repetitive movement, sustained or constrained postures and/or forceful movements. Psycho-social factors, including stress in the working environment, may be important in the development of occupational overuse syndrome.
3. What are musculoskeletal problems?
Ans: This problem includes different areas of your body such as neck, back, chests, arms, shoulders and feet. It occurs because of your wrong posture, uncomfortable chair for sitting that is not ergonomically correct while working on the computer.
4. What cautions to be taken while working on the computer?
Ans: It is important to work safely on the computer. The static electricity generated just by walking on the carpet can damage computer components. So use a surge protector when you plug in the system. A battery backup system is the best way to protect against a power outage, as it provides the system with constant voltage. Remove rings, watches and necklaces while working on the computer. These ornaments are made of conductive metals which can damage computer components by striking them with static electricity.
Unplug all power sources and cables from the computer. If you are working with a plugged in computer then it might damage your hardware.
5. Why is there no right way to use a laptop?
Ans: In a laptop the screen and keyboard are very close together and there is really no right way to use a laptop because if you position the screen at the right height for your back and neck, it will cause you to have to lift your arms and shoulders too high to use it and vice versa. It will probably cause a problem.
6. What causes eye strain and how to avoid it?
Ans: Computer’s bright light, glare and flickering images can cause eye strain and visual fatigue. When you constantly focus on the screen, you forget about blinking your eyes that can cause drying eyes. Computer Vision Syndrome is caused by poor lighting and glare on the computer screen. Both of these factors place strain on the user’s eyes.
Tom avoid it:
(i) Dry eyes. Forget to blink. Rest eyes periodically and do simple eye exercises.
(ii) Re-orient your desk and computer so light is not directly behind or in front of you.
7. What type of display screen is suitable to work on a computer?
Ans: Display Screen (Monitor): Use the modern LED monitors of legible size and with adequate spacing between the characters and lines. The image on the screen should be stable, with no flickering or other forms of instability. The screen must be free of reflective glare and reflections liable to cause discomfort to the user.
8. What type of keyboard is suitable to work on a computer?
Ans: The keyboard should tilt and separate from the screen to find a comfortable working position and avoid fatigue in the arms or hands. The space in front of the keyboard must be sufficient to provide support for the hands and arms of the user. The keyboard should have a matt surface to avoid reflective glare. The symbols on the keys must be adequately contrasted and legible from the design working position.
| SESSION 3: ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES |
| Check Your Progress |
A. Multiple Choice Questions:
1. What are the steps necessary for operating a fire extinguisher?
(a) Identify The Safety Pin Of The Fire Extinguisher Which Is Generally Present In Its Handle.
(b) Break The Seal And Pull The Safety Pin From The Handle.
(c) Use The Fire Extinguisher By Squeezing The Lever.
(d) All Of The Above.
Ans: (d) All Of The Above.
2. Which of the following is an examples of ignition sources of open flames.
(a) Gas Ovens.
(b) Lighters In Smoking Areas.
(c) Welding Torches.
(d) All Of The Above.
Ans: (d) All Of The Above.
3. In fire classification, all liquid, grease, and gas materials comes under.
(a) Class A Materials.
(b) Class B Materials.
(c) Class C Materials.
(d) Class A Materials.
Ans: (b) Class B Materials.
4, In fire classification, materials magnesium, potassium, and sodium comes under-
(a) Class A Materials.
(b) Class B Materials.
(c) Class C Materials.
(d) Class D Materials.
Ans: (d) Class D Materials.
5. In fire classification, materials wood, cloth, and paper comes under-
(a) Class A Materials.
(b) Class B Materials.
(c) Class C Materials.
(d) Class D Materials.
Ans: (a) Class A Materials.
6. In fire classification, electrical material and equipment comes under-
(a) Class A Materials.
(b) Class B Materials.
(c) Class C Materials.
(d) Class D Materials.
Ans: (c) Class C Materials.
7. When do we use a fire extinguisher?
(a) In Case Of Flood.
(b) In Case Of Electric Shock.
(c) In Case Of Fire.
(d) In Case Of Burn Injury.
Ans: (c) In Case Of Fire.
8. What is the primary fire emergency telephone number?
(a) 011.
(b) 101.
(c) 108.
(d) 111.
Ans: (b) 101.
9. Which of the following contains everything you need to know about evacuating your facility safely.
(a) Evacuation Diagram.
(b) Emergency Action Plan.
(c) Employee Directory.
(d) Both A And B.
Ans: (d) Both A And B.
10. The best course of action to take during a medical emergency is to-
(a) Begin First Aid Immediately.
(b) Activate The Emergency Plan For Reporting Injuries.
(c) Notify The Person’s Family About The Situation.
(d) Both A And B.
Ans: (d) Both A And B.
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. Emergency is a serious or crisis situation that needs__________attention and __________.
Ans: Immediate, action.
2. A ___________ sign will warn people to walk carefully on freshly mopped floors.
Ans: Wet floor.
3. ____________ signs can prevent accidents on a staircase with a sharp bent or warn against a loose floor tile.
Ans: Watch your steps.
4. The ___________ should be responsible to handle the evacuation process.
Ans: Coordinator.
5. Workplace fires are commonly caused by improper storage of ________ material or ________ dust.
Ans: Flammable, combustible.
6. There should always be an ____________ plan for scheduled electrical maintenance or work.
Ans: Emergency response.
7. If the victim is breathing and has a heartbeat, give _______ for injuries and treat for shock.
Ans: First aid.
8. Fire extinguisher is a _____ containing an agent which can be discharged to extinguish fire.
Ans: Cylindrical pressure vessel.
C. State True or False:
1. The organization’s policies and guidelines are the best guide to handle emergencies.
Ans: True.
2. If someone is injured, act as per your impulse or gut feeling.
Ans: False.
3. Keep water and food items away from electrical equipment.
Ans: True.
4. Always switch off the electrical circuits.
Ans: False.
5. Always wear protective equipment, such as gloves and shoes.
Ans: False.
6. A fire extinguisher is a protection device used to extinguish fires.
Ans: True.
7. Flammable materials can be placed around a door exit.
Ans: False.
8. You can determine possible evacuation routes from floor plan diagrams posted in your facility.
Ans: True.
C. Short Answer Questions:
1. What is a workplace emergency?
Ans: An Emergency can be defined as a serious, unexpected, and dangerous situation requiring immediate action. Every organisation has an evacuation procedure. Every organisation also has an assembly point, within the organization compound or outside it, where all employees are expected to gather in case of an emergency evacuation.
2. How do you protect yourself, your employees, and your business?
Ans: The best way to protect yourself, workers, and organisation is to develop a well-thought-out emergency action plan to guide the employees in the event of an emergency.
3. What is an emergency action plan?
Ans: A well-thought-out emergency action plan to guide the employees in the event of an emergency.
4. What should your emergency action plan include?
Ans: Every company has:
(i) An evacuation policy. All the TIs are responsible for informing their employees about it.
(ii) A designated assembly point for emergencies. Ensure you know where it is.
(iii) A ‘buddy system’ for individuals with special needs or disabilities.
(iv) Floor plans with evacuation routes in work areas. Ensure that you understand these so you can use it in time of need.
(v) Assembly areas. These are the areas where you are required to assemble after evacuation.
(vi) Periodic evacuation drills. Ensure that you pay attention during these drills.
5. How do you develop an evacuation policy and procedures?
Ans: The general steps involved in carrying out an evacuation are:
(i) Stop your work and move out without spreading panic.
(ii) Gather and carry only the most important items like cell phones.
(iii) Report to the designated Assembly Area.
(iv) Leave the workplace through the nearest door bearing an “Exit” sign.
(v) Await instructions from the Safety Committee.
6. How do you establish evacuation routes and exits?
Ans: A clear passageway must be present to all escape routes.
(i) Signage like escape routes should be clearly marked.
(ii) Don’t use the Elevator during a fire.
(iii) All people at the workplace must be given brief instructions about the positions of the escape routes.
(iv) Enough exits and routes must be there for all people to escape.
(v) Emergency lighting (Infrared lights for night and blurred vision) must be present.
(vi) Emergency doors, that open easily, must be present.
7. What are the various types of fire extinguisher and their extinguishing material?
Ans: Select the suitable type of fire extinguisher:
Water CO2
Dry chemical powder.
Carbon dioxide.
Mechanical foam.
ABC dry powder.
8. What are the steps for operating a fire extinguisher in case of a fire emergency.
Ans: The method of using a fire extinguisher is to follow the method: P.A.S.S.
To use an extinguisher in a proper way, follow the PASS method.
PASS is the acronym for:
Pin (P): The first step is to pull the handle’s pin.
Aim (A): The next step is to aim the extinguisher’s nozzle. The direction should be toward the fire’s base.
Squeeze (S): Then in an extremely controlled manner, squeeze the trigger to release the agent.
Sweep (S): Sweep the extinguisher’s nozzle from left to right. Continue with this process.
9. Compare the different types of fire extinguishers.
Ans:
| Water CO2 | Dry chemical powder | Carbon dioxide | Mechanical foam | ABC dry powder | |
| Class A | Suitable | Not suitable | Not suitable | Suitable | Suitable |
| Class B | Not suitable | Suitable | Suitable | Suitable | Suitable |
| Class C | Not suitable | Suitable | Suitable | Not suitable | Suitable |
| Class D | Not suitable | Suitable | Not suitable | Not suitable | Suitable |
10. List the different classes of fire.
Ans: Class A Materials: Materials such as wood, cloth, and paper, which won’t ignite on their own but will continue to burn once exposed to a heat source.
Class B Materials: All liquid, grease, and gas materials that burn when exposed to ignition sources.
Class C Materials: Electrical materials and equipment. These materials cause fires very quickly and present a serious risk of arc flash.
Class D Materials: Any materials that are volatile and able to quickly ignite, such as magnesium, potassium, and sodium.
11. List out electrical rescue techniques?
Ans: Electrical Rescue Techniques:
Step 1. Approaching the accident.
(i) The first step is to approach the accident spot cautiously.
(ii) Call for help from a colleague, who is trained in treating electrocution victims.
(iii) Inspect the accident scene to ensure if the source of electrocution is still active.
Step 2. Examining the scene.
(i) Visually examine victims to determine if they are in contact with energised conductors.
(ii) Metal surfaces, objects near the victim itself may be energised.
(iii) Do not touch the victim or conductive surfaces while they are energised.
(iv) Touch the victim only if all power sources have been deactivated.
(v) Switch off the electrical circuits if possible.
(vi) Detach the main power supply of the area.
(vii) Dodge any electrical conductors in the surroundings.
12. What is the first aid for electrical emergencies?
Ans: (i) Be alert for hazards, such as heated surfaces and fire etc.
(ii) In case it is impossible to deactivate the power supply, the victim must be removed from the location of the live power source.
(iii) Wear appropriate insulating gloves and shoes to protect yourself from electric shocks.
(iv) Ensure that your hands and feet are dry.
(v) Use non-conductive material to remove a victim from the conductor.
(vi) The victim must not be removed in case of neck or spine injury.
(vii) The area must not be crowded so as to allow sufficient breathing air.
(viii) The victim’s pulses and breathing rate must be checked.
(ix) CPR may be provided if required.
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