NIOS Class 12 Psychology Chapter 9 Motivation

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NIOS Class 12 Psychology Chapter 9 Motivation

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Motivation

Chapter: 9

PART – I

Module – 2: Basic Psychological Processes

Intext Questions 9.1

Choose the correct option:

1. The process which directs and sustains behaviour to reach a goal is known as:

(a) Motivation.

(b) Incentive.

(d) Desire.

Ans: (a) Motivation.

2. Hunger does not involve this physiological factor:

(a) Corpus collosum.

(b) Stomach.

(d) Hypothalamus.

Ans: (a) Corpus collosum.

3. Biological motives are not driven by:

(a) Hormones.

(b) Faith.

(d) Neurotransmitters.

Ans: (b) Faith.

4. Psychosocial motives are mainly explained through:

(a) Physiology.

(b) Culture of individual.

(d) Intersection of individual with environment.

Ans: (d) Intersection of individual with environment.

Intext Questions 9.2

1. Shubham is given a chocolate after he clears every exam. This is an example of:

(a) Intrinsic reward.

(b) Drive behaviour.

(d) Extrinsic motivation.

Ans: (d) Extrinsic motivation.

2. Match the following:

Column A	Column B
(a) Creativity.	(i) Physiological need.
(b) Peaceful living.	(ii) Self-actualization.
(c) Social prestige.	(iii) Belonging need.
(d) Footwear.	(iv) Safety need.
(e) Trade unions.	(v) Esteem need.

Ans:

Column A	Column B
(a) Creativity.	(ii) Self-actualization
(b) Peaceful living.	(iv) Safety need.
(c) Social prestige.	(v) Esteem need.
(d) Footwear.	(i) Physiological need.
(e) Trade unions.	(iii) Belonging need.

TERMINAL EXERCISES

1. Describe the concept of motivation.

Ans: Motivation is an active psychological process through which physical or psychological activities are initiated, directed, and continuously sustained to achieve a specific goal. The word motivation is derived from the Latin term “movere,” which means “to move,” indicating the inner energy or force that drives a person to act. Motivation is rooted in an individual’s biological and genetic framework and develops through environmental influences such as parents, peers, family, school, media, and culture. Since motives cannot be directly observed, psychologists infer and predict them by observing a person’s continuous behaviour; for example, a student who sincerely completes every assignment may be considered highly motivated and goal-directed.

2. Explain the cycle of motivation.

Ans: Motivation operates as a continuous cyclical process towards achieving a desired goal. The cycle consists of the following key stages:

(i) Need: The source of all motivation is a “need”, which refers to a state of physical or psychological deprivation (e.g., hunger or a need for affection). Since needs act as the driving forces, they are also called motives.

(ii) Drive: Unfulfilled needs produce a “drive”, which is a state of internal physiological or psychological tension where the need is intensified.

(iii) Arousal: This drive triggers “arousal”, which mobilizes the body and mind to take action.

(iv) Goal-Directed Behaviour: Driven by arousal, the individual engages in specific behaviors targeting the need (e.g., a hungry person cooking, purchasing food, or going to a hotel).

(v) Achievement: This is the successful attainment of the goal, resulting in the satisfaction of the initial need.

(vi) Reduction of Arousal: Once the need is satisfied, arousal reduces, and balance (homeostasis) is restored in the body. The cycle remains quiet until a new need arises, repeating the entire pattern.

3. Discuss the biological needs of human behaviour.

Ans: Biological motives (primary motives) are triggered internally and are driven by physiological processes like neural activities and hormonal secretions. Early psychologists viewed these behaviors as instinctual—driven by “instincts” (innate, predictable urges of a species).

The core biological needs are:

Hunger: This is a universal biological drive essential for survival. While we physically experience hunger when the stomach contracts, studies show that hunger persists even if the stomach is removed. The true biological triggers include the level of dissolved nutrients in the blood, liver metabolic rates, and the functioning of the hypothalamus in the brain.

Thirst: This biological motive is critical for maintaining fluid balance and is regulated by specialized brain receptors (osmoreceptors) .

Sex: Sexual motivation is a complex biological drive regulated by sex hormones. In humans, its release is controlled by the gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females), regulated by the hypothalamus, adrenal gland, and pituitary gland. Unlike hunger or thirst, sex is not strictly necessary for individual survival, and its primary goal is not just restoring physical equilibrium. In humans, its expression is heavily driven by cultural and environmental factors.

4. What are psychosocial motives? Discuss briefly.

Ans: Psychosocial motives (secondary motives) arise from an individual’s continuous interaction with their external social and cultural environment. Unlike physiological drives, these are learned and developed during socialization through family, school, peers, media, and culture.

The three major psychosocial motives are:

(i) Achievement Motivation (n-Ach): This is the drive to work hard, be highly competitive, and reach the absolute top (acme) in fields like sports, academics, or arts. People high on n-Ach prefer moderately difficult tasks (challenging but avoiding easy failure) and actively look for regular feedback to measure their progress.

(ii) Affiliation Motivation (n-Aff): This is the natural human drive to belong, be with others, and share joys, achievements, and sorrows. Those high in n-Aff make extra efforts to maintain friendships and repair broken social relationships.

(iii) Power Motivation (n-Pow): This is the desire to intentionally influence, control, or impact the behaviors and emotions of people around us.

Power motivation is expressed in four main ways:

Having a direct impact on others (e.g., winning arguments).

Feeling personal power (e.g., bodybuilding, or mastering self-control by fasting).

Reading stories or watching videos of powerful figures to feel associated with power.

Joining groups or organizations to create a social impact (e.g., class monitors, union leaders, or political figures).

5. Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.

Ans:

Feature	Intrinsic Motivation	Extrinsic Motivation
Primary Source	Comes from within the individual.	Comes from the external environment.
The Reward	The activity itself is personally rewarding and satisfying.	Driven by external rewards, incentives, or the fear of punishment.
Examples	Cleaning your room because you enjoy being organised; reading a book because you love the story; gardening or cooking as a hobby.	Cleaning your room because guests are arriving; studying to avoid being scolded; working overtime for a financial bonus.
Nature	Mainly driven by personal interest, enjoyment, and internal satisfaction.	Mainly driven by external rewards, social expectations, or avoidance of punishment.

6. Explain Maslow’s need hierarchy.

Ans: Abraham Maslow (1968, 1970) proposed the Need Hierarchy Theory, modeling human needs as a five-level pyramid. The basic premise is that we are motivated to achieve higher-level needs only after our lower-level needs are reasonably satisfied.

The five original levels, starting from the bottom, are:

(i) Physiological Needs: Basic survival requirements like food, water, sleep, sex, clothing, and shelter. Maslow considered these most important.

(ii) Safety Needs: Pertains to physical and psychological security, protection, law and order, and freedom from fear.

(iii) Belonging and Love Needs: Seeking intimacy, friendships, acceptance, and a sense of belonging in social circles.

(iv) Esteem Needs: The desire for reputation, prestige, dignity, and a feeling of personal accomplishment.

(v) Self-Actualization Needs: The highest level, corresponding to realizing one’s full potential by developing self-awareness, social responsibility, and creativity.

Three additional levels incorporated later: Maslow later added three more levels to refine the pyramid:

Cognitive Needs: (Placed after esteem needs) The drive to seek knowledge, widen intellect, and explore the surroundings.

Aesthetic Needs: (Placed above cognitive needs) The need to appreciate beauty, balance, art, and harmony in life.

Transcendence: (Placed on the absolute top of self-actualization) The search for spiritual connection beyond the self and helping others reach their maximum potential.

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