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NIOS Class 12 Psychology Chapter 4 Methods Of Psychological Enquiry – II
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Methods Of Psychological Enquiry – II
Chapter: 4
| PART – I |
| Module – 1: Foundations of Psychology |
INTEXT QUESTIONS 4.1
1. State whether the following statements are ‘True’ or ‘False’:
(i) Participant observation has no involvement of the observer with the group to be observed. True/False
Ans: False.
(ii) Surveys can be used for large scale data collection. True/False
Ans: True.
(iii) Qualitative research involves only numerical data. True/False
Ans: False.
2. Match the following:
| (i) Laboratory Observation | (a) Careful observation in real-life settings |
| (ii) Naturalistic Observation | (b) Distant observation without any active participation in the activities of the observed group |
| (iii) Non-participant Observation | (c) Controlled observation in an artificial setting |
Ans:
| (i) Laboratory Observation | (c) Controlled observation in an artificial setting |
| (ii) Naturalistic Observation | (a) Careful observation in real-life settings |
| (iii) Non-participant Observation | (b) Distant observation without any active participation in the activities of the observed group |
INTEXT QUESTIONS 4.2
1. State whether the following statements are ‘True’ or ‘False’:
(i) Structured interviews make comparative analysis impossible. True/False
Ans: True.
(ii) Case study technique involves brief information about a case. True/False
Ans: False.
(iii) An event can be a subject matter of case study analysis. True/False
Ans: True.
(iv) Unstructured interviews allow in depth information. True/False
Ans: True.
2. Answer which is the most appropriate interview approach (structured/ semi structured/ unstructured) in each of the following studies?
(i) A researcher wants to compare the criterion of job satisfaction reported by manager and subordinates.
Ans: Structured.
(ii) A health worker wants to study the attitudes pertaining to importance of menstrual hygiene in teenage girls.
Ans: Semi structured.
(iii) A psychologist wishes to understand coping experience of terminally ill patients.
Ans: Unstructured
(iv) A researcher is interested to study the opinions of youngsters about the importance of social media in today’s world.
Ans: Semi structured.
INTEXT QUESTIONS 4.3
Fill in the blanks with suitable answers:
1. Maintaining ____________ is an ethical principle that ensures that the results of the research are kept anonymous.
Ans: Confidentiality.
2. Another ethical concern is to ensure that the participants have the ___________ from the research.
Ans: Right to withdraw.
3. Participants are also informed about the ________ and/or _______ involved in the study.
Ans: Risk and / or benefits.
4. Deception is majorly used in research to prevent ____________ and _______________ which can impact the responses of the participants.
Ans: Demand characteristics and socially desirable behaviour.
5. The _____________ and ___________ have provided an ethical framework for psychologists to be followed when conducting psychological research.
Ans: The British Psychological Society (BPS) and the American Psychological Association (APA)
| TERMINAL EXERCISES |
1. What are cross sectional and longitudinal methods of research?
Ans: Cross-Sectional Method:
In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a population at one specific point in time.
It is highly popular among researchers because it is easier to conduct and yields quick results.
This design is specifically useful when the goal is to observe and understand the characteristics of a population at that particular moment. If the study is repeated in the future, entirely fresh participants must be recruited.
Example: Studying the academic performance of Class X students in Mathematics and Science.
Longitudinal Method:
On the other hand, a longitudinal study involves collecting data repeatedly from the same sample over an extended period of time.
Depending on the depth of the research, these studies can last from a few years to several decades.
It is ideal when the purpose is to observe change, growth, and developmental patterns in an individual or a group over a long time span.
Limitation: It is highly time-consuming and its success depends entirely on the continued and active participation of the subjects over time.
2. How is the descriptive research different from experimental and correlational research?
Ans: Focus on Existing Reality vs. Cause-and-Effect: Descriptive research is designed to describe the existing condition in great detail—it documents what exists to pave the ground for finding new facts. It focuses on answering “Who, What, Where, and How” questions, whereas experimental research actively seeks to establish definitive cause-and-effect (causal) relationships by manipulating variables.
No Variable Manipulation: Unlike experiments, which isolate and systematically manipulate an independent variable (IV) to measure its impact on a dependent variable (DV), descriptive research does not manipulate any variables.
No Relationship Testing: Descriptive research describes variables as they are, rather than testing a predicted relationship between them. In contrast, correlational research is specifically designed to discover statistical relationships between variables to predict future events.
Stage of Investigation: Descriptive research is highly useful during both the initial stage of a study (to gather baseline information before designing an experiment) and the final stage (to map out the real-world status after implementing an experimentally suggested solution).
3. Explain the different types of observation techniques along with their strengths and limitations?
Ans: Observation refers to watching and listening to the behaviour of others over time without manipulating or controlling it.
Types of Observation:
(i) Naturalistic / Field Observation: The researcher observes subjects in their natural, real-world environment without any artificial setups.
Example: Observing classroom interactions of students in public vs. private schools.
(ii) Laboratory Observation: The researcher observes subjects in a highly controlled, artificial setting where the researcher decides the location, time, participants, and circumstances using a systematic procedure.
Example: Observing aggression levels of children placed in a lab room playing specific video games.
(iii) Participant Observation: The researcher becomes an active, integral part of the group being observed, interacting freely with members and participating in their routine activities to gain an insider’s perspective.
Example: A manager participating alongside employees in a group task to observe their communication skills.
(iv) Non-Participant Observation: The researcher observes the subjects from a distance without active participation in any of their activities.
Example: A teacher organizing a group activity for students and observing leadership qualities without intervening.
Strengths of Observation Method:
- Since it is mostly conducted in real-life settings, it helps in generalising the findings to the wider population.
- Large amounts of representative data can be collected in a short period of time.
- It is highly useful for exploring brand-new areas and generating novel hypotheses.
Limitations of Observation Method:
- It is highly susceptible to observer bias (the subjective biases of the observer can distort findings).
- It requires specially trained researchers who can recognize which aspects of a situation are psychologically significant and worth recording.
4. Discuss the case study method of research in detail.
Ans: A case study is an in-depth, intensive, and qualitative descriptive method of research used to study a single case over a period of time. The case may be an individual, a family, a social group, an organization, or a particular social or cultural event. Instead of studying broad variables across large groups, the case study method focuses on providing rich, narrative, and detailed descriptions of a small number of cases and helps in understanding complex experiences and identifying patterns. It combines both objective and subjective data, such as behavioural records, feelings, beliefs, and personal experiences. This method is widely used in clinical and counselling psychology to gain detailed knowledge about rare phenomena, unique psychological disorders, and personal coping experiences that may be difficult to study through experimental methods.
5. Differentiate between the different formats of interview.
Ans:
| Format of Interview | Description |
| Structured Interview | It consists of pre-determined and rigid questions asked to all interviewees in the same order. It mainly uses closed-ended questions, making the data easy to compare and analyse. |
| Unstructured Interview | It is conducted in an informal and conversational manner without pre-prepared questions. The interviewer frames questions according to the respondent’s answers, making comparison difficult and increasing the possibility of subjective bias. |
| Semi-Structured Interview | It combines features of structured and unstructured interviews. Core questions are prepared in advance, but the interviewer can ask follow-up questions and probe deeper into the participant’s responses. |
6. List the various ethical concerns in Psychological research?
Ans: Psychologists must strictly adhere to the ethical frameworks established by professional bodies like the American Psychological Association (APA) and the British Psychological Society (BPS).
The major ethical concerns include:
(i) Protection from Harm: This is the most crucial principle; participants must be protected from any physical or psychological harm, distress, or undue stress during the research.
(ii) Right to Withdraw: Participants must be informed that they have the complete freedom to leave the study at any time and can also withdraw their results from the dataset at any point.
(iii) Confidentiality: Researchers must ensure that all collected data and participant details are kept strictly anonymous and confidential to prevent misuse or participant identification.
(iv) Informed Consent: Gaining explicit, voluntary permission from participants. The “informed” aspect requires making participants fully aware of the nature of the study, their rights, and any risks or benefits involved.
(v) Deception: Involves temporarily misleading participants about the true purpose of the study to prevent demand characteristics and socially desirable answers.
(vi) Debriefing: A vital session conducted immediately after the study. It ensures participants are informed of the true research intent, confirms that no harm was caused, and provides an opportunity for them to ask questions or remove their data.
7. What are the different strengths and limitations of case study method?
Ans: Strengths:
Extensive Information: It is capable of gathering highly detailed, rich, and extensive information using both qualitative and quantitative data.
Unique Insights: It provides deep, invaluable insights into rare psychological phenomena or human experiences that are impossible to study through other methods.
Limitations:
Extremely Limited Generalization: Since the research focuses on only a single case, the findings cannot be easily generalized to the wider population.
Time-Consuming: It requires prolonged, intensive engagement and is highly labor-intensive.
Subjective Bias: The close, long-term relationship between the researcher and the participant can lead to the researcher’s own beliefs, expectations, and biases distorting the results.
No Replication: Because of the unique nature of each case, replication of findings is impossible.
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