NIOS Class 12 Psychology Chapter 19 Group Processes

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NIOS Class 12 Psychology Chapter 19 Group Processes

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Group Processes

Chapter: 19

PART – II

Module – 5: Social Processes and Behavior

INTEXT QUESTIONS 19.1

Fill in the blanks:

(a) Groups satisfy our need for ____________ and ________________ .

Ans: Belongingness, security.

(b) Rules regarding acceptable behavior in a group are known as ____________ .

Ans: Norms.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 19.2

State whether the following statements are True or False:

(i) Formal groups have properly organized structure. True/False

Ans: True.

(ii) Cohesiveness creates disunity within the group. True/False

Ans: False.

2. Fill in the blanks:

____________ and _____________ are reasons for group formation of groups.

Ans: Proximity, similarity.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 19.3

1. What is it called when the performance of an individual member improves in the presence of others?

Ans: Social facilitation.

2. What happens when individual members in a group put in less effort in a collective task?

Ans: Social Loafing.

3. Match the following:

Column A	Column B
(a) Highly cohesive group	(i) Group polarization
(b) When group members take extreme decisions than when as an individual	(ii) Group think
(c) Risky shift effect	(iii) James Stoner

Ans:

Column A	Column B
(a) Highly cohesive group	(ii) Group think
(b) When group members take extreme decisions than when as an individual	(i) Group polarization
(c) Risky shift effect	(iii) James Stoner

INTEXT QUESTIONS 19.4

Fill in the blanks:

1. _____________ theory says that leaders have special personality characteristics which make them a leader.

Ans: Trait.

2. _____________ leaders are concerned about their subordinates’ welfare.

Ans: Transformational.

3._____________ leader believes in collective work and participative decision making.

Ans: Democratic.

4. A leader should possess ____________ skill in order to build good rapport and cordial

relation with their members.

Ans: Interpersonal.

TERMINAL EXERCISES

1. What is Social Facilitation? Discuss the reasons why social facilitation occurs.

Ans: Social Facilitation refers to the phenomenon where an individual’s performance on a task improves due to the mere presence of others (spectators or co-actors) compared to when performing alone. Norman Triplett (1898) conducted a landmark study showing that cyclists rode faster when racing against each other than when racing individually.

Reasons for Social Facilitation:

Increased Arousal: The presence of others creates heightened psychological arousal, which energizes performance.

Evaluation Apprehension: Concern about being judged or evaluated by others motivates individuals to perform well, particularly on simple or well-learned tasks.

Impression Management: The innate desire to project a positive impression to spectators or peers boosts effort.

2. What is Social Loafing? Explain the reasons for social loafing and how it can be reduced.

Ans: Social Loafing is the reduction in individual effort that occurs when people work collectively as part of a group on a joint task compared to when they work individually.

Reasons for Social Loafing:

Diffusion of Responsibility: Group members feel less personally responsible for the final outcome because the output is combined.

Reduced Motivation: Since individual contributions are not evaluated or identified separately, motivation decreases.

Lack of Coordination: Poor group coordination and varying commitment levels among members lead individuals to rely on others.

Ways to Reduce Social Loafing:

Making individual contributions identifiable and measurable.

Emphasizing the importance and value of the task to increase commitment.

Strengthening group cohesiveness and promoting collective responsibility.

3. What is Groupthink? Discuss its consequences and ways to avoid groupthink.

Ans: Groupthink is a decision-making flaw occurring in highly cohesive groups where the desire for harmony and unity overrides critical, rational judgment and independent reasoning.

Consequences of Groupthink:

Inadequate evaluation of alternative courses of action.
Failure to thoroughly examine risks associated with the chosen decision.
Insufficient gathering of essential information.
Failure to create backup or contingency plans.

Ways to Avoid Groupthink:

Encouraging leaders to remain impartial and open to constructive criticism.
Inviting perspectives and feedback from outgroup members or independent experts.
Dividing the main group into smaller sub-groups to discuss issues independently before recombining.
Utilizing anonymous voting or secret ballots to gather honest opinions.

4. What are the different leadership styles? Explain transformational, transactional, autocratic, and democratic leadership styles.

Ans: Leadership styles represent the approaches used by leaders to direct and influence followers.

Transformational Leadership: Leaders build trust and confidence, inspire followers to exceed expectations, lead by example, and focus on overall development (e.g., Mahatma Gandhi).

Transactional Leadership: Focuses on planning, organizing, and achieving specific targets. Leaders offer rewards, recognition, and privileges for meeting goals (e.g., corporate managers, sports coaches).

Autocratic Leadership: The leader holds centralized power, dictates all decisions and procedures, imposes goals, and resists change or input from subordinates (e.g., Adolf Hitler).

Democratic Leadership: Encourages active participation, shared decision-making, and open communication, prioritizing member welfare (e.g., Prime Ministers in democratic nations).

5. Explain the nature of leadership. Give the characteristics of an effective leader.

Ans: Nature of Leadership: Leadership is the social process through which an individual influences and directs followers toward reaching common group goals. It relies on mutual influence between leader and followers, requiring both personal capability and situational suitability.

Characteristics of Effective Leaders: