NIOS Class 12 Psychology Chapter 16 Diversity And Individual Variations

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NIOS Class 12 Psychology Chapter 16 Diversity And Individual Variations

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Diversity And Individual Variations

Chapter: 16

PART – II

Module – 4: Individual Differences

INTEXT QUESTIONS 16.1

State which of the following statements are ‘true’ and which are ‘false’?

1. Diversity is solely man made.

ANs: False.

2. People of the same family can also be diverse.

Ans: True.

3. Life experiences can lead to diversity.

Ans: True.

4. Gender is an invisible diversity trait.

Ans: False.

5. Diversity can be based on psychological differences.

Ans: True.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 16.2

Match the following:

Column A	Column B
(i) Openness	1. This trait features characteristics such as imagination and insight.
(ii) Agreeableness	2. It is characterized by excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness, and high amounts of emotional expressiveness.
(iii) Extroversion	3. Standard features of this dimension include high levels of thoughtfulness, good impulse control, and goal-directed behaviors.
(iv) Neuroticism	4. It is a trait characterized by sadness, moodiness, and emotional instability.
(v) Conscientiousness	5. This personality dimension includes attributes such as trust, altruism, kindness, affection, and other prosocial behaviors.

Ans: 

Column A	Column B
(i) Openness	1. This trait features characteristics such as imagination and insight.
(ii) Agreeableness	5. This personality dimension includes attributes such as trust, altruism, kindness, affection, and other prosocial behaviors.
(iii) Extroversion	2. It is characterized by excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness, and high amounts of emotional expressiveness.
(iv) Neuroticism	4. It is a trait characterized by sadness, moodiness, and emotional instability.
(v) Conscientiousness	3. Standard features of this dimension include high levels of thoughtfulness, good impulse control, and goal-directed behaviors.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 16.3

State which of the following statements are ‘true’ and which are ‘false’:

1. One should treat people with disabilities with pity.

Ans: False.

2. Mental Retardation is the most common type of disability in India.

Ans: False.

3. A more appropriate term to refer to people with disability is ‘Differently abled’ as compared to ‘Disabled’.

Ans: True.

4. Stereotypes often lead to discrimination.

Ans: True.

5. If someone is in a wheelchair, you should converse with them at eye level.

Ans: Trude.

TERMINAL EXERCISES

1. What is Diversity? With the use of examples, explain the classification of diversity trait.

Ans: Diversity refers to a range of people who differ from each other in a variety of ways. 

Broadly, the traits or ways in which people differ from each other are classified under three heads:

(i) Visible diversity traits: These are traits that can be overtly observed and often impact the first impression of an individual.

Examples: Physical characteristics, age, gender, nationality, race/ethnicity, and mental/physical status.

(ii) Visible or invisible diversity traits: These traits are neither completely overt nor completely covert. They may be immediately observable at times, but at other times they only come to the surface after interaction.

Examples: Sexual orientation, language, culture, and veteran status.

(iii) Invisible diversity traits: These are covert in nature and are only identified after keen observation over a long period of time.

Examples: Religious beliefs, political beliefs, family status, values & beliefs, socioeconomic status, education, life experiences, perspectives, and diversity of thought.

2. Explain the psychological factors causing diversity.

Ans: Psychological factors causing diversity are less visible than physical traits and are only revealed through repeated, keen observation. 

According to the source, psychological diversity refers to differences in fundamental human constructs:

Personality: People differ in unique ways of behaving and thinking. Individual differences are classified into major dimensions such as Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (OCEAN). Another classification includes Type A (impatient, achievement-oriented) and Type B (easy-going, relaxed) personality types.

Intelligence: Intelligence involves mental abilities like logic, reasoning, problem-solving, and planning. Individual differences are assessed using the Intelligence Quotient (IQ). According to uni-factor theories, people differ in overall intelligence, whereas two-factor and multi-factor theories assert that individuals differ in various distinct types of intelligence.

3. What are the social and economic factors causing diversity in India?

Ans: India has immense diversity driven by several social and economic factors:

Religions: According to the 2011 Census, India’s population is religiously diverse, comprising Hindus (79.8%), Muslims (14.2%), Christians (2.3%), Sikhs (1.7%), Buddhists (0.7%), Jains (0.4%), and other or unstated religions (0.9%).

Languages: There are 121 languages prevailing across different regions of India.

Literacy Rate: The average literacy rate is 74% but varies wildly across different states, showing a disparity between genders (82% for men and 65% for women).

Ethnicity: While not collected by the census, estimates suggest the population is approximately 72% Indo-Aryan, 25% Dravidian, and 3% Mongoloid and others.

Impact: These massive socio-economic differences provide a rich cultural heritage but also often contribute to societal stereotypes and prejudices.

4. How does diversity create special needs?

Ans: Diversity brings along challenges due to differences in lifestyles, opinions, backgrounds, and attitudes. 

These challenges create special needs in the following ways:

Marginalization of Minority Groups: Minority groups—defined as small groups that differ from the rest in caste, religion, political beliefs, or cognitive/physical ability—often face difficulty coexisting with the majority. They are frequently targeted with stereotypes and prejudices, creating a special need to build inclusive environments where everyone feels appreciated.

Disability-Related Needs: Special needs arise significantly due to cognitive and physical challenges. Differently-abled individuals are often subjected to societal stereotypes and misconceptions. Catering to their special needs requires building active compassion instead of pity, treating them as equally competent, and ensuring physical accessibility (such as communicating with wheelchair users at eye level).

5. What are stereotypes?

Ans: A stereotype is an over-generalized belief about a particular category of people.

Through stereotyping, individuals assume that a person possesses a whole range of characteristics and abilities based solely on their group membership.

Stereotypes represent category-based schemas or mental frameworks that are generalized without direct verification (e.g., the gender stereotype that women are highly emotional and caring, while men are not expressive).

Stereotypes act as the cognitive component of attitude. They lead to social categorization, which fosters prejudiced attitudes (“us” and “them” mentality), creating in-groups and out-groups.

6. What do you understand by the term OCEAN that describes different types of personalities of individual.

Ans: The term OCEAN stands for the Big Five personality dimensions that describe individual differences in human behavior:

(i) Openness to experience: Reflects an individual’s willingness to try new things, their imagination, and cognitive insight.

(ii) Conscientiousness: The tendency to control impulses, act in socially acceptable ways, and display high levels of thoughtfulness, good impulse control, and goal-directed behavior.

(iii) Extroversion: Indicates where individuals draw their energy from, characterized by sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness, excitability, and high emotional expressiveness.

(iv) Agreeableness: Concerns how well an individual gets along with others, reflecting attributes like trust, altruism, kindness, affection, and prosocial behavior.

(v) Neuroticism: Encompasses emotional stability and general temper, involving attributes like sadness, moodiness, and emotional instability.

7. Explain the physical and physiological factors causing diversity.

Ans: Physical Factors: Physical diversity refers to global variations based on overt physical characteristics. Humans are distinguished into various racial groups based on physical traits. 

Example: Mongoloids (and Australoids) are distinguished by straight hair, Prominent cheekbones, flat faces, obliquely set eyes, and the presence of an epicanthic fold.

Physiological Factors: Physiological diversity is understood in two ways:

(i) The coexistence of a massive variety of flora and fauna species on Earth.

(ii) Physiological differences among humans belonging to varied ecological origins. These differences arise from genetic factors, ancestral history, lifestyle, and geographical conditions, which affect both physical traits and varying proneness to diseases.