NIOS Class 12 Psychology Chapter 14 Adolescence and Young Adulthood

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NIOS Class 12 Psychology Chapter 14 Adolescence and Young Adulthood

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Adolescence and Young Adulthood

Chapter: 14

PART – I

Module – 3: Human Development

INTEXT QUESTIONS 14.1

Match the following in column A with Column B:

Column A	Column B
(a) Adolescent boys.	(i) Widening of hips.
(b) Beginning of growth spurt for boys.	(ii) Widening of shoulders.
(c)  Adolescent girls.	(iii) 12 to 17 years of age.
(d) Beginning of growth spurt for girls.	(iv) First menstruation.
(e) Menarche.	(v) 10 and 13 years of age.

Ans: 

Column A	Column B
(a) Adolescent boys.	(ii) Widening of shoulders.
(b) Beginning of growth spurt for boys.	(iii) 12 to 17 years of age.
(c)  Adolescent girls.	(i) Widening of hips.
(d) Beginning of growth spurt for girls.	(v) 10 and 13 years of age.
(e) Menarche.	(iv) First menstruation.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 14.2

Fill in the blanks:

1. Thinking of adolescents is __________ and ______________.

Ans: Abstract and logical.

2. The ability of adolescents to think of all possible solutions of a problem and systematically test those solutions is called ______________________.

Ans: Hypothetical deductive reasoning.

3. Imaginary audience and personal fable in adolescents is a feature of _______________.

Ans: Adolescent egocentrism.

4. Ability of young adults to think about their own thinking is termed as ______________.

Ans: Meta-cognition.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 14.3

1. What challenges does adolescents face while growing up from childhood to adolescence?

Ans: There are different challenges adolescents’ face when one goes through the transition

from childhood to adolescence, and it is clearly evident as well. They get overwhelmed

by the fact that at times they are expected to be grown ups and behave like ones with

regard to clothing, mannerisms, actions, responsibilities and tasks one can contribute

in and at other times they are told to keep quite in matters of adult concerns. Likewise,

they feel they are often denied their right to their privacy and choice; they have to face

uninvited and unnecessary surveillance by parents, grandparents, neighbours, teachers

and other adult members of the larger community

INTEXT QUESTIONS 14.4

State whether the statements given below are True or False:

1. Adolescents are often satisfied with their bodies and overall appearance.

Ans: False.

2. Early maturing boys often think positively about themselves and develop healthy peer relations.

Ans: True.

3. Adolescent boys sometimes start drinking alcohol, caffeine and smoke cigarettes to ‘show off’ to their friends.

Ans: True.

4. Excessive exposure to media is detrimental for healthy development.

Ans: True.

TERMINAL EXERCISES

1. Discuss physical development in adolescent boys and girls.

Ans: Rapid Maturation: Adolescence is characterized by a rapid phase of physical maturation and hormonal upsurge marked by puberty.

Adolescent Girls:

They experience menarche (the first menstruation) typically between 9 and 15 years of age.

They undergo rapid growth in height, breast enlargement, widening of the hips, and the appearance of hair in armpits and the pubic area.

The growth spurt for Indian girls begins about two years earlier than boys, typically occurring between 10 and 13 years of age.

Adolescent Boys:

Boys experience an increase in height, enlargement of the penis and testicles, and widening of the shoulders.

They experience changes in their voice (deepening) and growth of hair over different parts of the body, such as the face and armpits.

The growth spurt for Indian boys lasts longer than girls and typically occurs between 12 and 17 years of age.

Key Influencing Factors: The most significant factors driving puberty are heredity, hormones, weight, and body fat.

2. Discuss the cognitive attainments of those in formal operational stage.

Ans: According to Piaget, the formal operational stage begins around 11 years of age and is characterised by important cognitive attainments. During this stage, adolescents develop the ability to think in abstract and logical ways, moving beyond concrete experiences. They develop hypothetical-deductive reasoning, which enables them to generate different possible solutions and test them systematically. They also develop propositional thought, allowing them to solve problems through verbal and mental logic without relying on concrete objects. Adolescents may also show idealistic thinking, comparing themselves, others, and society with ideal standards. Another important feature is adolescent egocentrism, which includes the imaginary audience, the belief that others are constantly watching and paying attention to them, and the personal fable, the belief that they are unique, special, and sometimes invulnerable.

3. State the challenges of transitions from childhood to adolescence.

Ans: The transition from childhood to adolescence brings intense emotional upheaval and conflicting social expectations:

Conflicting Role Messages: Adolescents face deep role confusion because they receive conflicting messages from family and teachers. At some times, they are expected to be responsible, acting like “grown-ups” in terms of tasks and clothing, while at other times they are dismissed or told to keep quiet in “adult family matters”.

Surveillance versus Privacy: Adolescents struggle with feeling that their right to privacy and choices (such as choosing friends) are regularly denied, facing uninvited adult surveillance from parents, grandparents, neighbors, and teachers.

Emotional Swings: Driven by rapid physical and hormonal changes, they experience extreme emotional swings, fluctuating between high motivation/affection and phases of sadness, loneliness, or disinterest.

Authority Conflicts: Unlike younger children, adolescents react strongly to perceived unjustified treatment, leading to frequent conflicts with parents and authority figures.

4. Elaborate differences in growing up as a male and female during adolescence and young adulthood.

Ans: Maturation Differences: Early maturing boys tend to perceive themselves more positively and build positive peer relationships.

Conversely, early maturing girls face higher vulnerability to social problems. Although they gain physical maturity, their social and cognitive structures remain immature, making it harder to handle early independence, culturally imposed dietary/social restrictions, and early sexual experiences. 

Societal Expectations & Roles: Adolescent boys are often pressured by family members to be “macho” and act as “protectors” (even if they are younger than their sisters), while facing heavy parental pressure to establish careers early.Adolescent girls face restrictive cultural boundaries, such as guidelines on “right clothing” or restrictions on food and physical movement during menstruation.

Career Choices: Settling into income-generating vocations is treated as a matter of personal choice for girls, whereas boys are heavily pushed into career building.Furthermore, despite legal age limits, girls in rural and lower socio-economic areas are often pushed into early marriage.

5. Discuss adolescents’ engagement with media and issues of self-image.

Ans: Exposure to Unfiltered Information: Contemporary adolescents have unrestricted access to television, smartphones, and the internet, bringing exposure to unfiltered information on sexuality, relationships, and health that they may lack the cognitive maturity to process safely.

Negative Body Image: Heightened bodily self-consciousness causes adolescents to spend significant time looking in mirrors. They compare their appearance to idealized media models, and dissatisfaction often leads to a negative body image, leading to extreme dieting and eating disorders like Anorexia Nervosa (starving themselves to control weight).

Virtual Personas: To seek an unthreatening escape, adolescents may construct a virtual self-image, using disguised identities to interact online and live out fantasy lives. This engagement can turn compulsive, creating a constant need to remain online and check statuses.