Class 12 Education Chapter 4 Learning The answer to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse throughout different chapters SCERT Class 12 Sociology Class 12 Education Chapter 4 Learning and select need one.
Class 12 Education Chapter 4 Learning
Also, you can read the SCERT book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per SCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines. These solutions are part of SCERT All Subject Solutions. Here we have given Assam Board/NCERT Class 12 Education Chapter 4 Learning Solutions for All Subject, You can practice these here…
QUESTION FOR 2 MARK EACH
1. Define learning.
Ans : According to Gates, ‘Learning is the modification of behaviour through experience and training.’
According to Guilford, ‘Learning is any change in behaviour resulting from behaviour.’
2. Describe the concept of learning by giving suitable example.
Ans : Learning takes place, consciously or unconsciously in the life of every individual even from infancy. We live in a social environment where we have to face a variety of situations and circumstances. We have to learn to face the problem of life, as we have to adjust ourselves to the social environment. We modify (change) our nature; we gain experience and knowledge while adjusting ourselves to the circumstances or situations. This means that learning is the modification of behaviour. It is the effective response to a situation. It is our necessity to acquire skill, ingenuity (dexterity), knowledge and good habits to make ourselves fit into this world. An individual must learn to survive. Only the fittest can survive in the struggle for existence. Learning help us to be fit.
We learn in order to adjust ourselves to the situations and environment. The child learn many things from the environment mainly by imitation. He Learns to stand up, walk, eat, dress etc. by imitating the elders. Learning is a life long process, from cradle to grave. It is aptly said that learning is living and living is learning. In the process of learning, initially we have mistakes, but gradually the mistakes disappear and we make the correct response. In learning to ride a bi-cycle or drive a car, we make mistake. With continued efforts and training, errors are decreased and learning takes place. The individual then acquires the ability to respond to the situation. He must learn in order to renew, reorganise his experiences to meet (face) new situations.
3. Describe laws of use and disuse.
Ans : This law states when a modifiable connection is made between a situation and a response, that connection’s strength is, other things being equal increased. When modifiable connection is not made between a situation and a response over a length of time that connection’s strength is decreased.
4. Mention the two parts of law of exercise.
Ans : The two parts of law of exercise are :-
(a) Law of use.
(b) Law of disuse.
This law states when a modifiable connection is made between a situation and a response, that connection’s strength is, other things being equal increased. When modifiable connection is not made between a situation and a response over a length of time that connection’s strength is decreased.
5. What is over learning?
Ans : Over learning beyond the point of the first error less reproduction. It help in retention. However, there may be diminishing advantages as the degree or learning increased.
6. What is spaced learning?
Ans : Spaced learning is one of the important factors of learning. In this process the learner according to the need can break away from his learning. This will rejuvenate his body and mind to learn in a better way.
7. What is insight?
Ans : insight means of relationship or meaning into a situation. Insightful method of learning is based on gestalt theory. The three German psychologist Wertheimer, Kohler and Koffka were the propounder of this theory. According to them, learning is an intellectual activity that involves the power of deservation, perception and insight of the learner. For them learning take place as a whole.
8. ‘Learning is a process of development’ – explain.
Ans : Human beings to adjust and fit himself in various environment learning helps him. To more him happy and live in an environment in a suitable way learning helps in individual. It teaches him to learn various way of surviving.
9. Write the name of two supporter of Gestalt theory of learning.
Ans : Kohler and Koffka.
100. Differentiate between over learning and relearning.
Ans : Over learning meaning going through some learning again and again and over laping it.
Relearning mean learning the same learning.
101. Explain learning as a function of practice?
Ans : Learning is a function of practice- because learning can be made permanent by practice. Learning is possible when the activity is repeated again and again, when it is not repeat it is not learnt.
102. What is Condition stimulus?
Ans : A neutral stimulus which evokes no response on the first presentation is called condition stimulous.
103. What is Unconditioned response?
Ans : Unconditioned stimulus is that which conveys the meaning that the response depends upon no social condition.
104. What do mean by maturation?
Ans : Maturation is a natural process. It is the growth which takes place within the individual. Maturational changes are relatively independent of activity, practice or experiences. Maturation may be considered as the development brought by growth of the neural and mascular system. Thus maturation is regarded as the process of growth and development which takes place within the individual without any special training, practice or any other type of stimulation.
105. What are the natural laws of learning?
Ans : The major lawsof learning are :
(a) Law of readiness
(b) Law of Effect
(c) Law of Exercise
(a) Law of Readiness : It states “when a bond is ready to act, to act gives satisfaction and not to act gives annoyance. When a bond which is not ready to act is made to act, annoyance is caused.
(b) Law of Effect : It states when a modifiable connection between a stimulus and response is made and is accompanied or followed by a satisfying state of affairs, the connection’s strength is increased, when made and accompanied for followed by in annoying state of affairs,its strength is decreased.”
(c) Law of exercise : It states – “When a modifiable connection is made between a situation and a response that connection’s strength is, other things being equal, increased. When modifiable connection is not made between a situation and a response over a length of time that connection’s strength is decreased. “
106. Write three most important characteristics of learning.
Ans : Two characteristics of learning are :
(i) Learning is profiting experience : In our every action, we try to realise our past experience. The action based on past experience may be described as learned activities.
(ii) Learning increase skill and efficiency : The skill of efficiency of the individual develop through learning. Learning helps the individual to environmental changes. It is a universal process.
107. Show the limitation of insightful learning.
Ans : Limitation of insightful learning :
(i) Young and immature children are incapable of using insight in solving problems. Their power of thinking, reasoning and intelligence are inadequate to cope with the situation. Dependability and imitativeness remain more active in them.
(ii) Even the layman in society are incapable of exercising insight. When faced with their problems they usually follow the method of learning through mistake. A false move or an erroneous attempt may often lead to solution of their problems.
108. Learning by trial and error needs repetition. – explain.
Ans : Trial and error learning is a gradual process that results from limitations. At the initial stage the number of errors and the time taken appear to be substantially high. In the subsequent attempts are in the downward trend. The state of helplessness or blindness of the situation gradual eliminates from the learner. It is described as a mechanical method, the essence of which is trial or repetation. Repetition helps to eliminate the wrong and follow the right attempt.
109. Distinguish between trial and error and insightful learning.
Ans : Trial and Error method of learning and learning by insight : According to Thorndike learning come through trial and error. Individuals commits several errores in his efforts to adjust himself to a situation. But gradually after several attempts errors are eliminated and correct adjustment to the situation is made. This is the basic idea of trial and error method.
Learning by insight emphasises the power to see the relationship between different parts of situation. It means the understanding of the situation as a whole. Kohlar visualised that the person can deduce the situation by inside if he perceives the situation as a whole.
There are several differences between the two method of learning.
They are :
(i) Trial and error method is a gradual process of learning that results from repetition. Learning through insight does not follow such a mechanical process to arrive at the solution.
(ii) Trial and error method emphasies on physical aspect of the situation. insightfull method, on the otherhand, emphasises on perceptual aspect of learning.
(iii) Trial and error method does not involve a higher level of mental ability of learner, whereas insightful learning requires higher mental and intellectual ability.
(iv) outcome of the trial and error method is uncertain and time-consuming, whereas insightful method ensures immediate result.
110. Discuss the relationship between :
(i) Learning and motivation
(ii) Learning and knowledge of result
(iii) Learning and difficulty of learning material.
Ans : (i) Learning and motivation : Motivation is said to be the sinequa non in learning. In the absence of it the result or output of learning is bound to be small. Motivation goes to main creating conditions for psycho-physical readiness to learn. Learning is a self activity of the learner that needs personal export, initiative and readiness in mind. Such a mental state needs to be created in the learner prior to his start of learning.
(ii) Learning and knowledge of result : Learning depends upon the result on the effect that follows. If the result is satisfactory the learner is more inspired to repeat it. The dissatisfaction result discourages such repetition of learning.
(iii) Learning and difficulty of learning materials : Difficulty is a very important fact in learning. It is experimentally proved that learning curve for easy material showed rapid early gains which gradually slowed down and that for difficult material showed show initial gains while gradually increased.
111. What do you mean by over learning?
Ans : Ovar learning beyond the point of the first error less reproduction. It help in retention. However, there may be deminishing advantages as the degree or learning increased.
112. Mention the similarities between learning and maturation process?
Ans : Maturation is a change caused by physical growth. It is a process of natural development which involves the growth of the cells, tissues and organs of body. Learning is mental process which is depend upon the physical growth. Learning is impossible without the maturation. A two month old child cannot be given toy training or two years of old cannot be taught reading. Again five years old child cannot learn typing. So, the maturation of child is an important condition in learning a new task. Hence learning very much depends upon maturation.
113. “Learning is the modification of behaviour through experience and training” Amplify the statement.
Ans: Learning is a very comprehensive term. Learning does not mean only the acquisition of knowledge or skill, it means much more than that. Thus, it includes acquiring of attitudes, values, likes, dislikes and many other habits. A number of psychologists have defined learning as modification of behaviour. Thus, learning is the process by which an organism, as a result of its interaction with the situation, acquires a new mode of behaviour, which tends to persist and affect the general behaviour pattern of the organism to some degree. According to G. A. Kimble, “Learning refers to a more or less permanent change in behaviour which occurs as a result of practice.”
Nunn says, “Learning is more or less permanent incremental modification of behaviour which results from activity, special training observation.
The above cited definitions emphasis that learning results in change or modification of behaviour. Thus all learning results in change or modification of behaviour.”
All learning is modification of behaviour, but all modification of behaviour is not learning. We may say that, “learning is limited to those changes in behaviour which are a result of training and experience and not a result of maturation or temporary psychological or psychological states of the organism.” Learning stands for relatively permanent change or modification of behaviour.
The temporary change does not contitude learning. The modification of behaviour may take place in the desirable direction or in the undesirable direction. For example, children learn good habits as well as bad habits. It is expected that teachers and parents must always encourage children to learn desirable behaviour. It is not practice alone that causes learning. In fact, learning occurs under conditions of reinforcement. Thus, learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour and is the result of reinforced practice. Human behaviour results from two basic forces, forces inside the individual, and forces outside the individual. The inside force means man’s physical hungers and his psychological urges, the outside forces are one’s aims and objectives, expectation or rewards and other requirements of the society. An individual tries to modify his behaviour to meet his internal and external needs. Needs and requirements, therefore, are the basic causes of learning.
Thus, needs can also be classified in the following manner :
(i) Basic needs : Food shelter sex ctc.
(ii) Psychological needs : Satisfaction of urges and desires, pleasures and happiness.
(iii) Normative needs : Attainment of aims and objectives. Observing norms and values, acting according to the standards set by the adults and society. Behaviour, therefore is prone to modifications due to need oriented learning and is both complex and purposeful. Therefore, the modification of behaviour through learning towards the fulfillment of the individual’s need and a socially approved way is the main concern of a teacher.
114. Discuss the role of reward and punishment in learning.
Ans : Reward and punishment is an important factor of learning. It acts as a strong incentive to learn. Modern psychologists, however use a more general term to cover both cases ‘reinforcement.’ Reinforcement is one that strengthens a response. A rewards is a positive reinforcement and punishment is a negative reinforcement. These are the key to learning. But if they are not applied in the right way at the right time there is no learning.
115. “Learning depends upon maturation” explain.
Ans : Maturation is a change caused by physical growth. It is a process of natural development which involves the growth of the cells, tissues and organs of the body. Learning is mental process which is dependent upon the physical growth. Learning is impossible without the maturation. A two month old child cannot be given toy training or a two years old cannot be taught reading. Again a 5 years old child cannot learn typing. So, the maturation of the child is an important condition in learning a new task. Hence, learning very much depends upon maturation.
116. Discuss about the relationship between learning and maturation.
Ans : Maturation is a change caused by physical growth. It is a process of natural development which involves the growth of the cells, tissues and organs of the body. Learning is mental process which is dependent upon the physical growth. Learning is impossible without the maturation. A two month old child cannot be given toy training or a two years old cannot be taught reading. Again a 5 years old child cannot learn typing. So, the maturation of the child is an important condition in learning a new task. Hence, learning very much depends upon maturation.
117. Distinguish between learning and maturation.
Ans : Difference between learning and maturation are :
| Maturation | Learning |
| (i)It is based in heredity | (i)It is based on environment. |
| (ii)It is a process of behavioural change | (ii) It is a planned process ofmodification of behaviour. |
| (iii)It is an age limit process. | (iii)It is a life long process. |
| (iv)Maturation is notrelated to activitiesbut to the structure and potential capacity. | (iv)Learning is related to activities and experiences. |
| (v)In maturation practice is not regarded. | (v)In learning practice is essential for behavioural change. |
| (vi)Maturation donot require motivation. | (v)Learning require motivation. |
118. What is the educated value of law of effect?
Ans : Educative value of law of effect : Educational significance of this law is quite obvious. Students progress in learning follows this law of effect. Success or satisfaction in the result leads to more success. The teacher makes use of the technique of reward and punishment in school on the basis of this law. Reward stimulates one to achieve more success and punishment discourages in the attempt. Teacher may make use of this device in strengthening desirable behaviour and attitude and removing undesirable one of his students. This law of effect thus gustifies the use of reward and punishment in school.
119. Distinguish between whole and part learning.
Ans : Difference between whole and part learning.
| Part learning | Whole learning |
| (i)The material of learning is divided into difference parts and each part is mastered at concentration is pula time. | (i)Here instead of dividing the materials into parts and learning it separately on the entire task at one time. |
| (ii)This method is very useful for small children. | (ii)This method is useful for higher aged children. |
| (iii)It is lower from of learning. | (iii)It is higher from of learning. |
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