Class 12 Education Chapter 1 Secondary Education in India and Assam

Class 12 Education Chapter 1 Secondary Education in India and Assam The answer to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse throughout different chapters SCERT Class 12 Sociology Class 12 Education Chapter 1 Secondary Education in India and Assam and select need one.

Class 12 Education Chapter 1 Secondary Education in India and Assam

Also, you can read the SCERT book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per SCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines. These solutions are part of SCERT All Subject Solutions. Here we have given Assam Board/NCERT Class 12 Education Chapter 1 Secondary Education in India and Assam Solutions for All Subject, You can practice these here…

Questions for 5 marks each

1) Discuss about the defect of secondary education as pointed out by Mudaliar Commission.

Ans:- The defects of secondary education system are :-

i) The prevailing system of Indian secondary education is narrow and one sided. It has failed to train the whole personality of the students.

ii) The education given in our schools is isolated from life while the curriculum as formulated and as presented through the traditional methods of teaching does not give the students insight into the everyday would in which they are living.

iii) Until comparatively recently English was both the medium of instruction and a compulsory subject of study.

iv) The method of teaching generally practised failed to develop in the student their independence of thought and initiative in action.

v) The increase in size of the classes has considerably reduced personal contact between the teachers and the pupils.

2) Describe the aims of education as suggested by secondary education commission.

Ans:- Secondary Education Commission 1952-53 recommended the following for aims of education :-

a) Development of Democratic Citizenship :- India can be a democratic republic if the citizens uphold and practice the values of discipline, tolerance, patriotism, cooperation, equality in thought, speech and writing. The essence of the world citizenship is inculcated and developed through education. According to Mudaliar Commission, schools should maintain and develop all these qualities in the students. Citizens with these qualities can grow into ideal citizens capable of making the democracy a success.

b) Improvement of Vocational Capability and Efficiency :- In all the secondary schools, proper emphasis should be laid on crafts and productive work. This can be achieved through diversification of the courses of study at the secondary level. The students may take up agriculture or some other technical or commercial course to add to the productive capability of the country.

c) Development of Personality :- The secondary education must aim at the development of the personality of the students. The creative energy in the students should find proper expression. They should acquire constructive and valuable interest. They should be trained to preserve and conserve their cultural heritage.

d) Education for Leadership :- The secondary education must impart education for leadership. Students should also be trained to be able to own the responsibilities of leadership in various fields of life, namely, social, cultural, political, industrial etc.

3) Discuss about the aims of education as highlighted by Kothari Commission.

Ans:- The Kothari Commission was appointed by the Government of India in 1964 to advise on national plan of education, and on the general principles and policies for the development of education in India in all aspects. The commission submitted its report on 30th June, 1966. The report is voluminous one and contained a detailed analysis of all aspect of education at various stages.

i) The most important and urgent reform needed in education is to transform and relate to the life, needs and aspirations of the people and thereby make it a powerful instrument of social, economic and cultural transformation. For this purpose education should be developed so as to increase the process of modernisation and cultivate social, moral and spiritual values.

ii) For linking education to productivity science should be the most important subject of school and university stages.

iii) Another objective is to bring the different classes and groups together by the establishment of common schools and the introduction of compulsory social and national service and every level common school should be opened to all students irrespective of caste, creed, religion, economic condition etc. These schools should charge no fees.

iv) Emphasising the importance of developing fundamental, social, moral and spiritual values the Commission recommended spiritual education in all types of educational institutions.

4) Describe briefly the structure of education recommended by education commission – 1964.

Ans:- The new educational structure consists of :-

i) One to three years of pre school education (classes A-B-C).

ii) Four to five years of lower primary education (class HV).

iii) Three or two years of higher primary education (class V – VII).

iv) Three or two years of lower secondary stage (classes VIII – X).

v) Two years higher secondary stage (class XI-XII)

Three years of degree courses followed by courses of varying durations for higher studies :-

i) The age of admissions to class I should not be less than 6 plus.

ii) The first public examination will come after class X.

iii) The system of streaming in schools of general education from class IX should be abandoned and no attempt at specialisation should be made beyond class X.

iv) Secondary schools should be of two types, high schools providing a ten years course and higher secondary schools providing a twelve years course.

v) Attempt to convert all high schools to the higher secondary pattern should not be made. Only bigger and efficient ones should be upgraded.

vi) A new higher secondary course beginning in class XI should be instituted. Class XI and XII should provide specialised studies in different subjects.

vii) The pre – university course should be transferred to affiliated colleges and schools from the university and the duration should be increased to two years by 1985-86.The duration of the first degree should not be less than three years and that of the second degree two or three years.

5) Write about the suggestions given by Education Commission 1964 for vocationalization of secondary education ?

Ans:- New education policy emphasised the vocationalization of education. As far as possible, education should be given in a national environment. The child must acquire some skill in some area of his interests. This is necessary for a happy life in future. With this end in view this new education policy has advocated the inclusion of scientific and technical subjects in the curriculum. It has been specifically stated in the policy that in the tenth class not more than 50 percent students should opt for literacy subjects and the rest should be encouraged to study vocational courses of various types according to their interests. This type of vocationalization of education will minimise the unemployment problem, because than the educated person will not depend on some service alone and may utlizie his acquired skill for earning his bread.

6) Write about five important features of National Policy on Education 1986.

Ans:- The main features included in the New Education policy of 1986 are :-

i) Role of Education :- Education develop manpower for different levels of the economy. It is also the substrate on which research and development flourish, being the ultimate guarantee of national self – reliance. Education is an investment in the present and the future. This principle is the key of the National Policy on Education.

ii) Early Childhood Care and Education :- The National Policy of Education has used the term Early childhood care and Education in place of pre primary or Nursery Education. National Policy of Education lays stress on the holistic nature of child development viz., nutrition, health and social, mental, physical, moral and emotional development. Early Childhood Care and Education will receive high priority and be suitably integrated with the Integrated Child Development Services Programme wherever possible.

iii) Non – formal Education :- A large and systematic programme of non – formal education will be launched for school dropouts, for children from habitation without schools, working children and girls who cannot attend whole – day schools. Modern technological aide will be used to improve the learning environment of Non – formal Education Centres. Talented and dedicated young men and women from the local community will be chosen to serve as instructors and particular attention paid to their training. All necessary measures will be taken to ensure that the quality of Non – formal Education is comparable with formal education and Government will take over all responsibility for this vital section. New Education policy will give the highest priority to solving the problems of children dropping out of school.

iv) Vocationalization of Education :- New education policy emphasised the vocationalization of education. As far as possible, education should be given in a national environment. The child must acquire some skill in some area of his interests. This is necessary for a happy life in future. With this end in view this new education policy has advocated the inclusion of scientific and technical subjects in the curriculum. It has been specifically stated in the policy that in the tenth class not more than 50 percent students should opt for literacy subjects and the rest should be encouraged to study vocational courses of various types according to their interests. This type of vocationalization of education will minimise the unemployment problem, because than the educated person will not depend on some service alone and may utlizie his acquired skill for earning his bread.

v) Delinking Degree from Jobs :- A beginning will be made in Delinking Degree from Jobs in selected areas. If the compulsoriness of a degree for securing a job is done away with many youths will automatically refrain from obtaining higher education. Thus crowding as aspirants for admission to colleges and universities will be reduced. In fact, a degree should not be considered as a pre – requisite for a job which has not direct relationship with it. In many foreign countries a degree is not considered as a condition for obtaining job. Delinking will be applied in services for which a university degree need not be a necessary qualification. But in our country a degree has been made compulsory for a job.

7) Discuss briefly about the developmental trend of secondary education in Assam.

Ans:- The expansion of secondary education since independence has been remarkably due to several reasons. The passing of the Primary Education Act of 1977 with the provision of introducing compulsory education in gradual stages and the liberal grant – in – aid by the government helped the speedy growth of the aspect of education.The government of Assam also adopted a scheme for the reorganisation of secondary education as envisaged in the report of Secondary Education Commission. Under the scheme for development of higher school and higher secondary and multipurpose school, the government of Assam developed 6 schools into multipurpose schools and 4 schools into higher secondary schools during the year 1956-57. In the next year 9 schools were developed into higher secondary and 16 schools were developed into multipurpose schools in the state. In 1960-61 the figures stood at 22 and 23 respectively, after the government of Assam had made arrangement for bringing 25,000 pupils of age group of 11-14 under secondary education. Besides 12 schools with provisions for instruction both in humanities and in science are proposed to be converted into higher secondary schools during 3rd Five Year Plan.

8) Discuss about the problems of secondary education board of Assam.

Ans:- Some important problems of secondary education in Assam are as follows :-

i) Lack of mass appeal :- Secondary education does not have mass appeal. We have accorded priority to primary education as well higher education. But secondary education has not received due attention.

ii) Lack of enough resources or finance :- Finance is the greatest hurdle in the field of secondary education in Assam. The financial allocation to secondary education is not sufficient. So, it is a Challenged to our educational planners because they will have to work under constants of growing numbers and limited resources made available for it. So its quality remains poor.

iii) Unplanned expansion :- Unplanned expansion is another important problem of secondary education in Assam. Now primary education lost its job value and social demand of secondary education is increases. The government and private agencies tried to meet the social demand for secondary education by opening more and more schools. Many of these schools were allowed to function at sub – standard levels which led to dilution of standard.

iv) Inappropriate curriculum :- The secondary school curriculum is not appropriate to fulfil the needs of the students as well as of the society. Curriculum of secondary education is not related to the real and practical life of students. They follow the curriculum mechanically without interest.

v) Defective teaching methods :- In no secondary schools we will find dynamic methods being followed. The average teacher suffers from lack of professional preparation. The existing educational system is rigid and does not encourage initiatives, creativity and experimentation.

vi) Defective text book :- The quality of text books, teachers guides and teaching materials is not satisfactory.

vii) Improper evaluation system :- The evaluation system of secondary education is not free from evil. It is basically dominated by external examination.

viii) Lack of capable teacher :- The quality of teaching stuff in schools is not satisfactory. In many of the privately managed schools the situation is dangerous.

9) Discuss about the functions of secondary education in Assam.

Ans:- Power and Functions of the Board :-

i) Board will prepare the curriculum for secondary and higher secondary education.

ii) Examinations will be conducted on the basis of this curriculum.

iii) Permission will be granted to appear examination who have completed their course. If anybody violate the rules they will be punished.

iv) Results will be declared.

v) Certificate will be issued who have success in examination.

vi) Rules and regulations of admission and examination

will decided by the board along with the fees structure.

vii) Provision of scholarship and prizes will be fixed by the board and distribute it.

viii) Selection of text books and reference books and its preparation and publication will be the responsibility of the board.

ix) Board will prepare the rules and regulations of recognition of high school and higher secondary schools. When necessary arise board have the power to de – recognise the schools.

x) The rules and regulations which are fixed by the board must be followed by the schools. If any school violate or dis – obey it they will be punished.

xi) Board will examine and study the problems of secondary education.

10) What are the provisions mentioned in National Policy of Education – 1986 for providing equity in education.

Ans:- The main features included in the New Education policy of 1986 are :-

i) Role of Education :- Education develop manpower for different levels of the economy. It is also the substrate on which research and development flourish, being the ultimate guarantee of national self- reliance. Education is an investment in the present and the future. This principle is the key of the National Policy on Education.

iii) Non – formal Education :- A large and systematic programme of non – formal education will be launched for school dropouts, for children from habitation without schools, working children and girls who cannot attend whole- day schools. Modern technological aide will be used to improve the learning environment of Non – formal Education Centres. Talented and dedicated young men and women from the local community will be chosen to serve as instructors and particular attention paid to their training. All necessary measures will be taken to ensure that the equality of Non – formal Education is comparable with formal education and Government will take over all responsibility for this vital section. New Education policy will give the highest priority to solving the problems of children dropping out of school.

iv) Vocationalization of Education :- New education policy emphasised the vocationalization of education. As far as possible, education should be given in a national environment. The child must acquire some skill in some area of his interests. This is necessary for a happy life in future. With this end in view this new education policy has advocated the inclusion of scientific and technical subjects in the curriculum. It has been specifically stated in the policy that in the tenth class not more than 50 percent students should opt for literacy subjects and the rest should be encouraged to study vocational courses of various types according to their interests. This type of vocationalization of education will minimise the unemployment problem, because then the educated person will not depend on some service alone and may utlizie his acquired skill for earning his bread.

11) Describe about the power and function of Board of Secondary Education, Assam.

Ans:- a) Board will prepare curriculum for secondary and high secondary education.

b) On the bas is of the curriculum the board will conduct and announce the result of examination.

c) Formulate principle for the recognization of schools.

d) Formulate rules relating to admission and examination and determination of fees of students.

e) Provide certificate to students which are passed in the examination.

12) Describe about the constitution of Board of Secondary Education, Assam.

Ans:- Constitution of the Board of Secondary education:-

i) Chairman (Director of public institution members)

ii) Ex – officio members (Eight)

iii) Members to be nominated by the Government (Nine)

iv) Coopted members (not more than three members from among the distinguished educationists)

v) An officer of the govt as the ex – officio secretary of the board.

13) What are the suggestions made by Kothari Commission to strengthen social and national integration ?

Ans:- The Msuggestions mode by Kothari Commission to strengthen social and national integration as follows :-

“India is a country of diverse culture. It is necessary, therefore, must be designed in such a manner that it becomes an effective instrument of social and national integration. A common school system of public education the NCC and National Service Programmes must be encouraged to attain this objective. Development of a proper language policy with Hindi as the national language, the regional language or mother tongue and English must be studied in the school. Only then, can National Consciousness be promoted”.

14) What are the suggestions made by Kothari Commission to cultivate values in education ?

Ans:- In this regard the seggestion made by Kothari commission is follows -For all round development of personality physical and mental development cultivation of social, moral and spiritual values is very important. India secularism should be practised and no religious instruction be given in the schools. Instead, more education should be given to build up the character the young students.

15) Sun up the suggestions forwarded by N. P. C. regarding secondary education.

Ans:- Secondary education being to expose students to the differentiated roles of science, the humanities and social science. This is also an appropriate stage for children which is on one hand terminal and preparatory to higher education on the other. Vocationalisation through specialised institutions or through the refashoning of secondary education can, at this stage, provide valuable man power for economic growth. The commission recomended.

a) Programme to ensure access to secondary education being widened to cover unreserved areas.

b) Programme of consolidation in other areas.

c) Programme of setting up Novodaya Vidyalaya.

16) Discuss about the suggestions forwarded by N. P. C. regarding elementary education.

Ans:- Regarding Elementary education the NPC has provided some suggestion which are as follows –

Universal enrolement and universal retention of children upto 14 years of age and a subsequential improvement in the quality of education. A child centred and activity based process of learning should be adopted at the primary stage.

17) Discuss about the impact of Kothari Commission on Secondary Education in Assam.

Ans:- On the basis of the recommendations of Kothari Commission Government of Assam constituted Assam Higher Secondary Education Council in 1984. As a results of this all the responsibilities of higher secondary education transferred from secondary education board of Assam to Assam Higher Secondary Education Council. With these councils have the power of preparation and publication of text books, curriculum construction and management of examination. New education policy formulation in the year 1986. On the basis of this policy in each districts of Assam established one Navodaya Vidyalaya to develope the secondary education among the meritorious children of rural level.Power and duties :-

i) To prescribe curricula, syllabus and courses of instructions for Higher Secondary stage which may be imparted in a College/Higher Secondary School.

ii) To conduct examination based on such courses.

iii) To demand and receive such fees as may be prescribed by regulations.

iv) To publish the results of its examination.

v) To grant certificates to students passing the examinations.

18) What is the impact of New National Policy on Education, 1986 on Secondary Education in Assam ?

Ans:- New education policy or national Policy of Education formulated in 1986. This policy of education want to bring newness in all the aspects of education. The main features of the policy are role of education will be the main key, equality of education includes women education, education of schedule caste and schedule tribe and education of other backward classes, adult education, early childhood care and education, primary education, non – formal education, secondary education, vocationalisation of education, higher education, open university Delinking Degree from Jobs, rural university, technical and management education, emphasis on learning value education, preservation of culture, science education, education and environments, sports and physical education, educational technology, media, management education, operation blackboard and Navodaya Vidyalaya.

i) Secondary education system of Assam was developed on the basis of the recommendation of New Education policy of 1986.

ii) Open school, open university and directorate of distance education was established in Assam for the extension of distance education.

iii) Government of Assam established one open university and named it as Kothari Kanta Handique State Open University at Gauhati in 2007.

iv) Secondary Education Act of Assam passed in 1961.

v) Assam Higher Secondary Education Council was established in 1984.

19) Suggest some measures to solve the problems of secondary education in Assam.

Ans:- Suggestion for solution of problem of secondary education in Assam :-

i) Secondary education should help the students to form values such as co – operation, patience, social justice, discipline, loyalty, positive attitude, friendship, courage, brotherhood, equality etc. in the minds of the students.

ii) Importance should be paid on the admission of quality students in school. Specially, to attract the students towards technical and agricultural education, they should be made more attractive.

iii) Adequate and available teaching aids should be provided.

iv) Talented, skill, appropriate, trained teacher should be appointed in the school.

v) More importance should be paid on female education.

vi) Education plan should be prepared keeping in view the possibility of local employment to produce adequate human resources.

vii) Part time education and vocational training should be provided to working men and women, farmers, labourers, child labourers etc.

viii) The untrained teacher working in the secondary schools should be given appropriate in service training.

ix) An active administrative structure should be prepared to make the administration of secondary education more powerful and active.

x) The system of examination and evaluation of secondary level should be reformed.

20) Sum up the suggestions forwarded by NPE – 1986 for vocationalisation of secondary education.

Ans:- Vocational education will be implemented into +2 stages of Higher Secondary education and thereby students will be prepared to choose their livelihood in business sides. How ever, vocational education will be available after the end of class – VIII. To some extent students knowledge and experience, attitude, sports skill, craft management, self employment etc. will be developed. Necessary programmes will be adopted by the government for tribal people of rural areas, neglected women and for handicapped children. Integrated curriculum of general education, technical education and vocational education will be prepared to improve educational life.

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