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Class 10 History Elective Chapter 7 The Non-Aligned Movement
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Essay Type Questions :
Q 1. Narrated briefly the historical background for the emergence of the Non-Aligned movement.
Ans : The movement which stressed the policy of keeping away from any of the power blocs of the world and of following an movement. The Non-Aligned movement was started in 2961 under the leadership of pt Jawaharlal Nehru of india, president Sukarno of Indonesia, president Nasser of Egypt and Marshal Tito of Yugoslavia an. Several developments and factors prepared the ground for the emergence of Non-Aligned movement the world:
(i) Dicline of old powers: Before the first world war , the major powers of the world were Germany Austria-Hungary, Russia, England and japan. But after the First even the existing major power auch as England, France and Russia became weak- economically and politically.
There was a change in the balance of power. Through England and France became victorious in the war. Their power and prestige suffered greatly.
(ii) Emergence of Russia : The October revolution of 1917 which took place in Russia, Made her a rising power. During the post -First World war period, Russia began to rise up major power in every respect. Her interational position considerably improved. She became a role model for became the epicenter of Communism and welcomed other ñations into her fold.
(iii) Emergence of the USA : The greatest beneficiary of the first world war was the United States of America. She was least affected by the destruction caused by the financial and material support for the rest of the source of financial and material support for rest of the world. With her immense and economic resources, she began to support and Control the affairs of the European world. Gradually, America emerged as the leader of the capitalist world while Russia rosse up the leader of the Socialist camp.
(vi) Emergence of Japan : The rise and growth of Japan in the Far East as a great Power ii n world politics was heldped by First World War. Japan emerged as one of the great powers in the region of the Pacific Ocean. Hence ,the country became an inetvital Rival , manily of the United States of America. During the the post -first world war a challenge to America which wanted to control the region.
(v) Emergence of super powers : The break-Out of the second World war in 1939, once again titlted the international balance of power. After the war , America and the Soviet union emerged as the ‘ super powers’. They determined the policies of the world and other countries like England, France, etc. Were forced to follow Their dictates. The United States of America having developed atom bomb became the only nuclear power in the world at the tine of the second World war . Besides demonstrating her military power and strength through her attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki with the atom bombs, she alarmed independent nation to opt for a neutral foreign policy. This resulted in the starting of the Non-Aligned movement in 1961.
Q 2. On what historical background did the Non-Aligned movement emerge ?
Ans : Do your Self.
Q 3. What is called the ‘ cold war’ ? When did it come to an end ?
Ans : The Interational political scene during the post – second World war period is marked by what is known as the cold war . Almost all the major events and development that took part in different parts of the world since 1945 were in one way or other , the offshoot of this international ideological warfare between the two power blocs led by the USA and the USSR.
The expansion of ‘ cold war ‘ was first introduced by the Walter Lippman. Walter introduce this expression in the context of explaining the day- to – dy happening in world politics of the post – second World war period. He developed this expression while discussing the nature of the bilateral relations between the United States of America and soviet Russia after the Second World war .
However, some people think that the term was introduced by an American named Bernard mannes Baruch. The term’ cold war’ refers to a state of intense ideogical compitition in politics, economy, military, etc. That existed between the USA and the Soviet union after the second World war . Therefore, cold war can be defined as ” a state of intense competition,- political, economi and ideology which yet falls below the threshold of armed cofiict between the capitalist block led by the United States of America and the Communist bloc led by the Soviet union after the second World war”.
In other words, the state of proxy war war that existed between the United States of America and her Allies on one side and sovita union and her Allies of the communist bloc on the other side, leading to heightened interational tension and crisis came to be known as the cold war. The cold war seemed to 1917. The Revolution Made Russia a Communist in different parts of the world which theraftened the existing supermacy of America. The cold war became very strong after the formation of the north Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on 4 April 1949 and continued up to 1991.
End of the cold war : The cold war began with the Russian Revolution of 1917 and continue upto 1991. The beginning of liberation movement in sovita union, introduce by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1990s saw the end of the cold war. During this period, the tension between the two major power blocs gradually declined and Both countries began to work together for maintainince of international peace and cooperation.
America came to accept communism as a way of life and did not take active steps to prevent its spread. They began a policy of tolerance rather opposition. This helped the reduction of tension between the two power blocs.
Q 4. Discuss the aims and objectives of the Non-Aligned movement.
Ans : The movement which stood for a neutral foreign without joining the two military blocs, namely , the western bloc headed by the USA and the eastern bloc led the western bloc headed known as the Non-Aligned movement. The emergence of the Non-Aligned movement in 1961, is landmark event of great significance. The event. Had far reaching the banner of the Non-Aligned movement totally changed interational politics and relationship.
The cold war situation existing between the two power blocs since 1945 in the world always thertened world peace. Therefore, many of the Third world countries of Asia and Africa did not want to join with any of the two blocs. They wanted to remain Free and independent and wanted to follow an independent foreign policy. This resulted in the starting of the Non-Aligned movement in 1961. This movement was organized by the four important lenders, viz. Pt Jawaharlal Nehru of india, president Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Marshal Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia and president Ahmed Sukarno of Indonesia. These leaders met at Belgrade in September 1961and stared this movement.
This summit meeting at Belgrade accepted a declaration containing 27 principles. Some of the major aims and objectives of the Non-Aligned movement are :
(i) To maintain world peace among the countries.
(ii) Abolition of imperialism from the world.
(iii) The peaceful co-existence among the countries.
(iv) respect for each other’s integrity and sovereignty.
(v) No enric the economic relations amog the countries.
(vi) To enrich the Economic relation among the countries.
(vii) Abolition of racial discrimination from the world.
(viii) compelet disarmament for the maintenance of world peace.
(ix) Granting of independence to countries under colonial rule.
(x) promotion of foreign trade among all the developing countries on the basis of equality and justice.
Q 5. Discuss the role played by India in the emergence of the Non-Aligned movement.
Ans : The movement amgong ñations by which they di not join with any of the military blocs of the world but rather follow an independent and neutral foreign policy is known as the Non-Aligned movement. The movement was founded in the year 2962 at Belgrade. The Indian prime minister, pt Jawaharlal Nehru was one of the founding member of this movement along with President Ahmed Sukarno of Indonesia, Marshal Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia and president Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt. India gas played a significant role in the working of this group and has contributed much for the growth of this movement.
As a founding member of the group, india played an important role setting many international disputes such as the disputes in Korea , Indo- china, congo, Cyprus, middle-East, etc. India gas been thr champion of suppressed nationalities. It he as declared’ no first use of nuclear weapon’ with Pakistan. India gas stood fir disarmament and arms control as a means ti achieve peace in the world. She is ad made sincere efforts for the reduction of armaments and destruction of nuclear weapons. In 1956 , India put resolution on disarmament before the General Assembly of Un . However, she has refugsed to sign comprehensive ted Ban Treaty ( CTBT) as she finds it discrimination in nature.
India , as a member of the Non-Aligned group , has always opposed imperialism and Colonialism. She has persistenly championed cause of people suffering under colonial rule in asia and south African countries. She has supported the freedom struggle movements in countries such as Ghana, Kenya, Togoland, Morocco , Tunisia , Algeria, South Africa, Indo- china, etc. She has condemned the Us imperialism in Vietnam and French colonialism in Indo- China. She has opposed russian aggression in Hungary, of France in Algeria and the British in Cyprus. India has stood with the Palestinians in their struggle for permanent homeland . India has supported all the decision and actions of the non-Aligned group regarding interational issues.
Q 6. Mention the role played by the Non-Aligned movement in the liquidation of colonialism and imperialism in the world.
Ans : The starting of the Non-Aligned movement ( NAM) in 1962 is a significant event of the world history. It marked the beginning of a new era of international politics and relationship. The emergence of this group gad Far-reaching consequences in the world history .
The policy of keeping away from any of the power blocs of the world and if following an independent foreign policy is known as the Non-Alignment. The NAM was started in 1961 under the leadership of pt Jawaharlal Nehru of india, president Ahmed Sukarno of Indonesia, president Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Marshal Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia.
Today, it is obe of the significant forces of the world and exerts tremendous infulance in interational politics. During the po ast 40 years of its existence, NAM he as played a significant role in the liquidation of Colonialism and imperialism. This movement has helped me any tirade world countries to get independence from the colonies and imperial powers. It is an undeniable fact that as a result of the support given by the NAM , nany underdeveloped countries of Africa and Latin America became independent. The Non-Alignment group bhas played a major role in supporting and helped their March to freedom and progress by bringing interational attention over the oppression that existed in these colonies.
NAM played a major role in awaking the world about the plight of black south African under the white dominanted regime . It strongly supported the polices and action of the African National Congress led by Nelson Mandela. Thus the Apartheid from south africa. The Non-Aligned group group has helped the recently became independent countries, in their economic recovery and technological development. The NAM movement always stood for the preservation and expansion of the human rights all over the world. It has spoken against the deprivation of human rights in countries such as Myanmar, sir Lanka, sudan, Ethiopia, etc. The NAM strongly supported the Palestinians in their be attempt to get ll abd of their own.
Q 7. What do you think about the future of the non- Aligned Movement? Discuss.
Ans : The Non-Aligned movement (NAM) started in 1961 has been able to render a great service in the maintenance of world peace and international good relationship. This movement came up in the wake of the cold war situation that had developed between the United States of America leading the capitalist bloc on one side and the Soviet Union leading the Socialist bloc . Therefore, there is a view with the collapse of Soviet Union in the 1990-90 , the relevance of the NAM has been over.
Though Soviet Union disinterested in 1991, there gas been no respite in the explanation of certain countries by the imperialist countries of the world. many of these countries totally depend on foreign aid for their survival. As a result, these countries have been forced to follow the dictates of the donor countries. Many of the Britain coutinue to exert their might on the poor developing countries or third world countries bulldozing these countries to do what they want .In this context, the Non-Aligned group has been a great role to play . In many countries, the basic human rights have been denied and people coutinue to libe under strict state control. The fundamental rights, equal rights , rights to live and right to work in one’s own country, etc. Have been denied to thousands of people A lot of people in different countries Today are being uprooted by brute might and on ground of religion and race. Thousands are Made homeiess because of racial prejudice and religious difference. Thousands have been killed in the name religion.
All These call for Active intervention of the non-Aligned group has a great role to play. In many countries, the basic human rights have been denied and people continue to live under strict state control. The fundamental rights , equal rights, right to live and right to work in one’s own country, etc. Have been denied to thousands of people. A lot of people in different countries Today are being uprooted by brute might and on ground of religion and race. Thousands are Made homeless because of racial prejudice and religious difference. Thousands have been killed in the name of religion. All these call for Active intervention of the Non-Aligned of religion. Even if the Soviet Union’s States union’s states system has collapsed, her arsenal still remains intact and the United States of America gas not destroyed her be arsenal either. The race for armaments has continued as ever. The Increasing trend in the allocation of funds in the defence budgets of the rich and developed nations show that world still sits on ready- to- explode dynamite. The presence of Non-Aligned group Can certainly reduce arms race and bring about greater disarmament and effectively race and bring about greater disarmament and effectively checkmate the moves of the two power blocs. The disintegration of the Soviet Union did not totally result in the end of the Communist regime in the world. Many Communists countries such as cuba, Vietnam , North Korea, china, etc. Still survive and they remain of the world. Million of people in ki atin American countries are still fighting for Economic liberation from the Us economic imperialism. In this international scenario, the Non-Aligned group Can play a significant role in reducing world tension and prevent local tension from escalating into an international war.
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